WGUl C180l Objectivel Assessmentl (NEWl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Introductionl tol
Psychologyl Reviewl |l Questionsl &l Answersl
|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Solutions)
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel differencesl betweenl proactivel andl retroactivel interferences?
Answer:
Proactivel interferencel occursl whenl earlierl learningl impairsl ourl abilityl tol encodel
informationl thatl wel tryl tol learnl later.
Retroactivel interferencel occursl whenl learningl somethingl newl impairsl ourl abilityl tol
retrievel informationl thatl wasl learnedl earlier
QUESTION
youl havel beenl givenl al listl ofl conceptsl orl techniques.l Describel onl eachl rowl inl thel
secondl columnl howl thesel conceptsl canl helpl youl studyl andl preparel forl al test.
Answer:
Elaborativel encoding-Materiall isl betterl rememberedl ifl itl isl processedl morel fully.
Studyl morel materiall thatl wayl itl flowsl easierl whenl testing.
Spacingl effect-Informationl isl learnedl betterl whenl itl isl studiedl inl shorterl periodsl spacedl
overl time.l Studyl al littlel bitl everyl day;l dol notl craml atl thel lastl minute.l Thisl wayl youl
arel morel preparedl forl thel test.
Context-dependentl retrieval-Wel havel betterl retrievall whenl itl occursl inl thel samel situationl
inl whichl wel learnedl thel material.
Ifl possible,l studyl underl conditionsl similarl tol thel conditionsl underl whichl youl willl takel
thel exam.l Thisl wayl youl arel morel comfortablel whenl testing.
,QUESTION
Whatl arel somel ofl thel variablesl thatl canl influencel yourl accuracyl ofl memories?
Answer:
Cognitivel biasesl arel errorsl inl memoryl orl judgmentl thatl arel causedl byl thel inappropriatel
usel ofl cognitivel processes.
misinformationl effectl refersl tol errorsl inl memoryl thatl occurl whenl newl informationl
influencesl existingl memories
QUESTION
Whatl arel flashbulbl memories
Answer:
flashbulbl memory—al vividl andl emotionall memoryl ofl anl unusuall eventl thatl peoplel
believel theyl rememberl veryl well.
QUESTION
Completel thel followingl tablel ofl typicall languagel developmentl milestonesl byl age
Answer:
6l weeksl Byl thel timel theyl arel 6l tol 8l weeksl old,l babiesl startl makingl vowell sounds,l
calledl cooingl ("ooohh,"l "aaahh,"l "goo")l asl welll asl al varietyl ofl criesl andl squealsl tol
helpl theml practice.
6l monthsl Atl thel samel timel infantsl arel practicingl theirl speakingl skillsl byl babbling,l
theyl arel alsol learningl tol betterl understandl soundsl andl eventuallyl thel wordsl ofl
language.l Onel ofl thel firstl wordsl childrenl understandl isl theirl ownl name,l usuallyl byl
aboutl 6l months.
1l yearl Atl aboutl 1l yearl ofl age,l childrenl beginl tol understandl thatl wordsl arel morel thanl
sounds—theyl referl tol particularl objectsl andl ideas.
,2l yearsl Byl thel timel childrenl arel 2l yearsl old,l theyl havel al vocabularyl ofl severall
hundredl words,l andl byl kindergarten,l theirl vocabulariesl havel increasedl tol severall
thousandl words.
QUESTION
Definel intelligence.
Answer:
al mentall abilityl consistingl ofl thel abilityl tol learnl froml experience,l solvel problems,l andl
usel knowledgel tol adaptl tol newl situations.
QUESTION
Describel thel differencesl betweenl crystallizedl andl fluidl intelligence.l Howl dol thesel
changel overl thel lifespan?
Answer:
Onel distinctionl isl betweenl fluidl intelligence,l whichl refersl tol thel capacityl tol learnl newl
waysl ofl solvingl problemsl andl performingl activities,l andl crystallizedl intelligence,l whichl
refersl tol thel accumulatedl knowledgel ofl thel worldl wel havel acquiredl throughoutl ourl
lives.l Thesel intelligencesl mustl bel differentl becausel crystallizedl intelligencel increasesl
withl age—olderl adultsl arel asl goodl asl orl betterl thanl youngl peoplel inl solvingl crosswordl
puzzles—whereasl fluidl intelligencel tendsl tol decreasel withl age.
QUESTION
definel eachl ofl thel conceptsl andl describel whyl eachl isl importantl tol considerl whenl
measuringl intelligence.
Answer:
Standardization-Thel standardizationl ofl al testl involvesl givingl itl tol al largel numberl ofl
peoplel atl differentl agesl andl computingl thel averagel scorel onl thel testl atl eachl agel level.l
Itl isl importantl thatl intelligencel testsl bel standardizedl periodicallyl tol determinel thatl thel
averagel scoresl onl thel testl atl eachl agel levell remainl thel same;l inl otherl words,l thatl thel
medianl scorel ofl 100l remainsl thel samel forl eachl agel levell onl thel testl overl time.
, Validity-Validityl refersl tol thel degreel tol whichl al testl orl otherl measurel ofl somel
psychologicall constructl actuallyl measuresl thatl construct.l
Tol ensuel thatl whatl itl isl thel correctl testl tol tryl andl testl forl thel desiredl result.
Reliability-Reliabilityl refersl tol thel degreel tol whichl al testl keepsl producingl thel samel orl
similarl resultsl overl repeatedl testing.l Inl otherl words,l reliabilityl isl anotherl terml forl
consistency.l
Tol ensurel youl getl thel samel resultl withl repeatedl testing
QUESTION
Differentiatel betweenl thel conceptsl ofl achievementl andl aptitude.l Whatl dol mostl familiar
intelligencel testsl measure?
Answer:
intelligencel testsl measurel achievementl (whatl onel hasl alreadyl learned)l andl aptitudel (anl
abilityl tol learn),l Morel familiarl intelligencel testsl arel aptitudel testsl thatl arel designedl tol
measurel one'sl abilityl tol dol welll inl collegel orl inl postgraduatel training.
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel biologicall factorsl inl thel developmentl ofl intelligence?
Answer:
1.l Geneticsl 2.l Prenatall malnutritionl 3.l Prenatall exposurel tol harmfull substances
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel majorl environmental/sociologicall factorsl thatl mightl influencel thel
developmentl ofl intelligence?
Answer:
Environmentl canl influencel differencesl inl intelligencel -l throughl family,l religion,l
literature,l media,l etc
QUESTION
2026/l 2027l Update)l Introductionl tol
Psychologyl Reviewl |l Questionsl &l Answersl
|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Solutions)
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel differencesl betweenl proactivel andl retroactivel interferences?
Answer:
Proactivel interferencel occursl whenl earlierl learningl impairsl ourl abilityl tol encodel
informationl thatl wel tryl tol learnl later.
Retroactivel interferencel occursl whenl learningl somethingl newl impairsl ourl abilityl tol
retrievel informationl thatl wasl learnedl earlier
QUESTION
youl havel beenl givenl al listl ofl conceptsl orl techniques.l Describel onl eachl rowl inl thel
secondl columnl howl thesel conceptsl canl helpl youl studyl andl preparel forl al test.
Answer:
Elaborativel encoding-Materiall isl betterl rememberedl ifl itl isl processedl morel fully.
Studyl morel materiall thatl wayl itl flowsl easierl whenl testing.
Spacingl effect-Informationl isl learnedl betterl whenl itl isl studiedl inl shorterl periodsl spacedl
overl time.l Studyl al littlel bitl everyl day;l dol notl craml atl thel lastl minute.l Thisl wayl youl
arel morel preparedl forl thel test.
Context-dependentl retrieval-Wel havel betterl retrievall whenl itl occursl inl thel samel situationl
inl whichl wel learnedl thel material.
Ifl possible,l studyl underl conditionsl similarl tol thel conditionsl underl whichl youl willl takel
thel exam.l Thisl wayl youl arel morel comfortablel whenl testing.
,QUESTION
Whatl arel somel ofl thel variablesl thatl canl influencel yourl accuracyl ofl memories?
Answer:
Cognitivel biasesl arel errorsl inl memoryl orl judgmentl thatl arel causedl byl thel inappropriatel
usel ofl cognitivel processes.
misinformationl effectl refersl tol errorsl inl memoryl thatl occurl whenl newl informationl
influencesl existingl memories
QUESTION
Whatl arel flashbulbl memories
Answer:
flashbulbl memory—al vividl andl emotionall memoryl ofl anl unusuall eventl thatl peoplel
believel theyl rememberl veryl well.
QUESTION
Completel thel followingl tablel ofl typicall languagel developmentl milestonesl byl age
Answer:
6l weeksl Byl thel timel theyl arel 6l tol 8l weeksl old,l babiesl startl makingl vowell sounds,l
calledl cooingl ("ooohh,"l "aaahh,"l "goo")l asl welll asl al varietyl ofl criesl andl squealsl tol
helpl theml practice.
6l monthsl Atl thel samel timel infantsl arel practicingl theirl speakingl skillsl byl babbling,l
theyl arel alsol learningl tol betterl understandl soundsl andl eventuallyl thel wordsl ofl
language.l Onel ofl thel firstl wordsl childrenl understandl isl theirl ownl name,l usuallyl byl
aboutl 6l months.
1l yearl Atl aboutl 1l yearl ofl age,l childrenl beginl tol understandl thatl wordsl arel morel thanl
sounds—theyl referl tol particularl objectsl andl ideas.
,2l yearsl Byl thel timel childrenl arel 2l yearsl old,l theyl havel al vocabularyl ofl severall
hundredl words,l andl byl kindergarten,l theirl vocabulariesl havel increasedl tol severall
thousandl words.
QUESTION
Definel intelligence.
Answer:
al mentall abilityl consistingl ofl thel abilityl tol learnl froml experience,l solvel problems,l andl
usel knowledgel tol adaptl tol newl situations.
QUESTION
Describel thel differencesl betweenl crystallizedl andl fluidl intelligence.l Howl dol thesel
changel overl thel lifespan?
Answer:
Onel distinctionl isl betweenl fluidl intelligence,l whichl refersl tol thel capacityl tol learnl newl
waysl ofl solvingl problemsl andl performingl activities,l andl crystallizedl intelligence,l whichl
refersl tol thel accumulatedl knowledgel ofl thel worldl wel havel acquiredl throughoutl ourl
lives.l Thesel intelligencesl mustl bel differentl becausel crystallizedl intelligencel increasesl
withl age—olderl adultsl arel asl goodl asl orl betterl thanl youngl peoplel inl solvingl crosswordl
puzzles—whereasl fluidl intelligencel tendsl tol decreasel withl age.
QUESTION
definel eachl ofl thel conceptsl andl describel whyl eachl isl importantl tol considerl whenl
measuringl intelligence.
Answer:
Standardization-Thel standardizationl ofl al testl involvesl givingl itl tol al largel numberl ofl
peoplel atl differentl agesl andl computingl thel averagel scorel onl thel testl atl eachl agel level.l
Itl isl importantl thatl intelligencel testsl bel standardizedl periodicallyl tol determinel thatl thel
averagel scoresl onl thel testl atl eachl agel levell remainl thel same;l inl otherl words,l thatl thel
medianl scorel ofl 100l remainsl thel samel forl eachl agel levell onl thel testl overl time.
, Validity-Validityl refersl tol thel degreel tol whichl al testl orl otherl measurel ofl somel
psychologicall constructl actuallyl measuresl thatl construct.l
Tol ensuel thatl whatl itl isl thel correctl testl tol tryl andl testl forl thel desiredl result.
Reliability-Reliabilityl refersl tol thel degreel tol whichl al testl keepsl producingl thel samel orl
similarl resultsl overl repeatedl testing.l Inl otherl words,l reliabilityl isl anotherl terml forl
consistency.l
Tol ensurel youl getl thel samel resultl withl repeatedl testing
QUESTION
Differentiatel betweenl thel conceptsl ofl achievementl andl aptitude.l Whatl dol mostl familiar
intelligencel testsl measure?
Answer:
intelligencel testsl measurel achievementl (whatl onel hasl alreadyl learned)l andl aptitudel (anl
abilityl tol learn),l Morel familiarl intelligencel testsl arel aptitudel testsl thatl arel designedl tol
measurel one'sl abilityl tol dol welll inl collegel orl inl postgraduatel training.
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel biologicall factorsl inl thel developmentl ofl intelligence?
Answer:
1.l Geneticsl 2.l Prenatall malnutritionl 3.l Prenatall exposurel tol harmfull substances
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel majorl environmental/sociologicall factorsl thatl mightl influencel thel
developmentl ofl intelligence?
Answer:
Environmentl canl influencel differencesl inl intelligencel -l throughl family,l religion,l
literature,l media,l etc
QUESTION
