TEST BANK FOR A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION BY PATRICK J. HURLEY, LORI WATSON

,Chapter 1 Test A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE ss




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
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s working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty
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years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
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performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap
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is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




ss relaxing less.ANS: D PTS: ss s s 2

2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
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other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
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blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
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pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm
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production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in
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the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" ss ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. ss ss ss ss


c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... ss ss ss ss ss ss




ss recall information.ANS: C
ss PTS: s s 2

3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
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choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that
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extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
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practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the
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capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
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David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice ss ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2

4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
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ssincome taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing
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the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries,
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sswhich increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these
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ssemployers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to
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the communities in which they live.
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a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
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d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2

5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
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arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more
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likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have
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received significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods
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in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third
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less time for the same offenses than black women.
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Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




in prison. ANS:
ss ss nn B PTS: s s 2

6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
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ssThere are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
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detect unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software
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that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud
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ssonline advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-click ads.
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a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




a firewall.ANS: E PTS:
ss ss s s 2

7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
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through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
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s reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of
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comparison for planetologists.
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Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through ss ss ss ss ss ss




the atmosphere. ANS:
ss ss nn C PTS: s s 2

8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
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s communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
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traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will
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be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent
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ssextinction of tigers in the wild will be averted. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




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, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will
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ss be averted.ANS:
ss A PTS: s s 2

9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need
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to understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron.
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How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a
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neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the
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puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
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Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. ss ss ss ss ss


c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2

10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
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composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other
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properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses
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can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the
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capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
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Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations ss ss ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded
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ss living cells.ANS: ss B PTS: s s 2

11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving
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the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity
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generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made
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remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater
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amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power
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are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
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Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" ss ss ss ss


a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directlyss ss ss ss ss ss




ss into electricity.ANS:
ss DPTS: s s 2

12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
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ssdid not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been
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ssexonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same
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time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA
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evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been
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exonerated?
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a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss


d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
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e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
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