NURS 354 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What does natalizumab do? - ✔✔reduce inflammation by stopping WBC from
entering brain and spinal cord tissue
✔✔What does mitoxantrone do? - ✔✔Cytotoxic drug
Route: IV
Anticancer agent
Used for MS
Reduction of neurologic disability and clinical relapse for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients
*Dangerous drug reserved for patients who are not responsive to safer drugs*
✔✔What drugs are used for improving mobility in ms? - ✔✔antispasmodics (baclofen,
tizanidine)
✔✔what does the respiratory system include? - ✔✔upper airway, lungs, lower airway,
alveolar air sacs
✔✔How does gas exchange work? - ✔✔oxygen transport to cells and carbon dioxide
transports away from cells through ventilation and diffusion
✔✔What is ventilation? - ✔✔movement of air higher in oxygen into the lungs and
removal of co2 out of the lungs
✔✔What is diffusion? - ✔✔movement of gases across the alveolar and capillary
membranes
✔✔What is perfusion? - ✔✔-once ventilation and diffusion occurs, blood oxygen is
available to cells by perfusion
-arterial blood flow through tissues and blood is pumped by the heart
✔✔What is included in the upper airway? - ✔✔nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
✔✔What does the nose do? - ✔✔organ of smell, septum divides the nose into two
cavities lined with mucous membranes and have a rich blood supply
✔✔What are sinuses? - ✔✔air filled cavities ○lined with ciliated mucous membranes
that give resonance to speech, decrease the wt of the skull, and act as shock absorbers
✔✔What is the pharynx? - ✔✔passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tract
, ✔✔What is the nasopharynx? - ✔✔○contains the adenoids (trap organisms that enter
the nose or mouth) and the opening of the eustachian tubes (equalize pressure within
the middle ear)
✔✔What is the oropharynx? - ✔✔used for breathing and swallowing
✔✔What is the laryngopharynx? - ✔✔dividing point between the larynx and the
esophagus
✔✔What is the larynx? - ✔✔voice box, used as an emergency access to the lower
airways
✔✔What is included in the lower airway? - ✔✔trachea, two mainstem bronchi, lobar,
segmental, and subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
✔✔What is the lower airway? - ✔✔: branching tubes formed by muscle, cartilage, and
elastic tissues and allow gases to move to and from the lungs
✔✔What are the alveoli? - ✔✔where gas exchange occurs
✔✔What are the lungs? - ✔✔●two elastic, elongated cone shaped organs located in the
pleural cavity in the chest
✔✔How many lobes are there per lung? - ✔✔- right lung has 3 lobes
-left lung has 2 lobes
✔✔What are accessory muscles of respiration? - ✔✔breathing occurs through the
changes in the size and pressure of the chest cavity
✔✔Nicotine replacement therapy - ✔✔○Over the counter: transdermal patches, gums,
lozenges
○Prescribed: nasal sprays and inhalers
○Bupropion: decreases craving and withdrawal symptoms
○Varenicline: reduces the pleasure derived from nicotine and the symptoms of
withdrawal
✔✔What are the 5 guidelines to treat tobacco dependence - ✔✔•Ask about tobacco use
•Advise to quit
•Assess willingness to make a quit attempt
•Assist in quit attempt
•Arrange follow up
✔✔What labs are assessed in a respiratory assessment? - ✔✔-RBC (deficient Hgb
causes hypoxemia)
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What does natalizumab do? - ✔✔reduce inflammation by stopping WBC from
entering brain and spinal cord tissue
✔✔What does mitoxantrone do? - ✔✔Cytotoxic drug
Route: IV
Anticancer agent
Used for MS
Reduction of neurologic disability and clinical relapse for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients
*Dangerous drug reserved for patients who are not responsive to safer drugs*
✔✔What drugs are used for improving mobility in ms? - ✔✔antispasmodics (baclofen,
tizanidine)
✔✔what does the respiratory system include? - ✔✔upper airway, lungs, lower airway,
alveolar air sacs
✔✔How does gas exchange work? - ✔✔oxygen transport to cells and carbon dioxide
transports away from cells through ventilation and diffusion
✔✔What is ventilation? - ✔✔movement of air higher in oxygen into the lungs and
removal of co2 out of the lungs
✔✔What is diffusion? - ✔✔movement of gases across the alveolar and capillary
membranes
✔✔What is perfusion? - ✔✔-once ventilation and diffusion occurs, blood oxygen is
available to cells by perfusion
-arterial blood flow through tissues and blood is pumped by the heart
✔✔What is included in the upper airway? - ✔✔nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
✔✔What does the nose do? - ✔✔organ of smell, septum divides the nose into two
cavities lined with mucous membranes and have a rich blood supply
✔✔What are sinuses? - ✔✔air filled cavities ○lined with ciliated mucous membranes
that give resonance to speech, decrease the wt of the skull, and act as shock absorbers
✔✔What is the pharynx? - ✔✔passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tract
, ✔✔What is the nasopharynx? - ✔✔○contains the adenoids (trap organisms that enter
the nose or mouth) and the opening of the eustachian tubes (equalize pressure within
the middle ear)
✔✔What is the oropharynx? - ✔✔used for breathing and swallowing
✔✔What is the laryngopharynx? - ✔✔dividing point between the larynx and the
esophagus
✔✔What is the larynx? - ✔✔voice box, used as an emergency access to the lower
airways
✔✔What is included in the lower airway? - ✔✔trachea, two mainstem bronchi, lobar,
segmental, and subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
✔✔What is the lower airway? - ✔✔: branching tubes formed by muscle, cartilage, and
elastic tissues and allow gases to move to and from the lungs
✔✔What are the alveoli? - ✔✔where gas exchange occurs
✔✔What are the lungs? - ✔✔●two elastic, elongated cone shaped organs located in the
pleural cavity in the chest
✔✔How many lobes are there per lung? - ✔✔- right lung has 3 lobes
-left lung has 2 lobes
✔✔What are accessory muscles of respiration? - ✔✔breathing occurs through the
changes in the size and pressure of the chest cavity
✔✔Nicotine replacement therapy - ✔✔○Over the counter: transdermal patches, gums,
lozenges
○Prescribed: nasal sprays and inhalers
○Bupropion: decreases craving and withdrawal symptoms
○Varenicline: reduces the pleasure derived from nicotine and the symptoms of
withdrawal
✔✔What are the 5 guidelines to treat tobacco dependence - ✔✔•Ask about tobacco use
•Advise to quit
•Assess willingness to make a quit attempt
•Assist in quit attempt
•Arrange follow up
✔✔What labs are assessed in a respiratory assessment? - ✔✔-RBC (deficient Hgb
causes hypoxemia)
