NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Pathology. Answer: The investigation of structural alterations in cells,
tissues, and organs, which can help identify the cause of a particular
disease.
⩥ Diagnosis. Answer: The naming or identification of a disease - is
made from an evaluation of the evidence accumulated from the
presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history, physical
examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
⩥ Etiology. Answer: The study of the CAUSE of disease
⩥ Epidemiology. Answer: The study of tracking patterns or disease
occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas
⩥ Nucleus. Answer: Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g.,
growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the
hereditary information
,⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical
reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate
within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and
replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
⩥ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: Specializes in synthesis, folding,
and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles. A new
role is sensing cellular stress.
⩥ Golgi apparatus. Answer: Responsible for processing and packaging
proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and
migrate to various intracellular and extracellular destinations, including
plasma membrane.
⩥ Lysosomes. Answer: Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular
substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and
carbohydrates (sugars).
⩥ Peroxisomes. Answer: Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol,
hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
⩥ Mitochondria. Answer: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the
site of ATP (energy) production
, ⩥ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Network of protein filaments within some cells
that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of
cell movement
⩥ Plasma Membrane. Answer: The membrane at the boundary of every
cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical
composition.
⩥ Signaling processes. Answer: 1. They display plasma membrane-
bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other
cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal
molecule has to enter the cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate
the activities of adjacent cells
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy:. Answer: Decrease in cell
size
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy:. Answer: Increase in cell
size
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia:. Answer: Increase in cell
number
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Pathology. Answer: The investigation of structural alterations in cells,
tissues, and organs, which can help identify the cause of a particular
disease.
⩥ Diagnosis. Answer: The naming or identification of a disease - is
made from an evaluation of the evidence accumulated from the
presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history, physical
examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
⩥ Etiology. Answer: The study of the CAUSE of disease
⩥ Epidemiology. Answer: The study of tracking patterns or disease
occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas
⩥ Nucleus. Answer: Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g.,
growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the
hereditary information
,⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical
reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate
within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and
replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
⩥ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: Specializes in synthesis, folding,
and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles. A new
role is sensing cellular stress.
⩥ Golgi apparatus. Answer: Responsible for processing and packaging
proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and
migrate to various intracellular and extracellular destinations, including
plasma membrane.
⩥ Lysosomes. Answer: Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular
substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and
carbohydrates (sugars).
⩥ Peroxisomes. Answer: Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol,
hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
⩥ Mitochondria. Answer: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the
site of ATP (energy) production
, ⩥ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Network of protein filaments within some cells
that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of
cell movement
⩥ Plasma Membrane. Answer: The membrane at the boundary of every
cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical
composition.
⩥ Signaling processes. Answer: 1. They display plasma membrane-
bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other
cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal
molecule has to enter the cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate
the activities of adjacent cells
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy:. Answer: Decrease in cell
size
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy:. Answer: Increase in cell
size
⩥ Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia:. Answer: Increase in cell
number
