BIOLOGY 111 COMPREHENSIVE UPDATED EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Homologous Organs - ✔✔Organs or body parts that are similar in structure and
origin but have different uses in different animals
✔✔Analogous Organs - ✔✔Same function different structure
✔✔Vertical Descent with Modification - ✔✔Progression of changes in a lineage; new
species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations that are
selected for by natural selection.
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - ✔✔The transfer of genes between cells of the same
generation. E.g., penicillin resistant bacteria confers it's immunity to other bacteria.
✔✔What is the Human Taxon? - ✔✔eukarya, animalia, chordata-vertebrata, mammalia,
primates, haminidae, homo, sapiens
✔✔Science - ✔✔The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and
theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
✔✔Theory - ✔✔Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is
substantiated by a large body of evidence. Allows us to make many predictions. Also
can never be proved true
✔✔Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔General principles are used to predict specific results.
E.g., the pecies of an organism can be deduced from its characteristics
✔✔Inductive Reasoning - ✔✔Specific observations are used to construct general
scientific principles.
✔✔What are the 5 Steps of the Scientific Method? - ✔✔A series of steps followed to
solve problems
1. Collect data
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Analyze data
5. State conclusions
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis - ✔✔Affects about 1 in every 3,500 Americans.
Characterized by thick mucus in the lungs.
Homozygous (need 2 bad copies).
Missing amino acid (1 in 1700) prevents ATP from properly binding to protein to pump
Cl- ions out of the cell.
,Dorothy Anderson found it to be a genetic disorder; Tsui, Collins, & Riordan identified
CF gene.
✔✔Biosphere - ✔✔All the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of
all Earth's ecosystems.
✔✔Ecosystem - ✔✔A biological community of organisms and their abiotic environment
(temperature, sunlight, pH, etc.).
✔✔Community - ✔✔All of the populations (of separate species) living in the same
geographical area but NOT producing.
Ex. Wake Tech community consists of student population, cardinal population, crow
population, etc.
✔✔Population - ✔✔A group of organisms of the same species populating and
REPRODUCING in a given area.
✔✔Organism (Species) - ✔✔Each individual is a group of organ systems cooperating
together for a common purpose.
✔✔Organ System - ✔✔Organs cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Organ - ✔✔Tissues cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Tissue - ✔✔Cells cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Cell - ✔✔A _____ is the lowest level of biological organization to have
characteristics of life.
✔✔Organelle - ✔✔Subpart of a cell that performs a particular function - e.g.,
mitochondrion.
✔✔Macromolecule - ✔✔Monomer's bonded together
✔✔Molecule - ✔✔2 or more atoms bonded together (actual monomers are many more
than 2)
✔✔Atom - ✔✔Smallest unit of each element that retains that element's characteristics.
✔✔Subatomic Particles - ✔✔Protons, neutrons and electrons.
✔✔Biome - ✔✔A large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna in a major
habitat. E.g., Raleigh is an eastern temperate deciduous forest.
, ✔✔Divergent Evolution - ✔✔We are united by an evolutionary past. All stem from a
limited # of single-celled organisms - life began on earth as primitive cells 3.5-4 billion
years ago.
✔✔Origin of Life - ✔✔3.8 Billion Years Ago
✔✔Solar System - ✔✔4.5 Billion Years Ago
✔✔When did Dinosaurs Become Extinct? - ✔✔65 Million Years Ago
✔✔Evolution - ✔✔ANY change in the average characteristics of a population over time.
Does not create new things; gives old things new uses (homologous structures). E.g.,
Milk Carton birdhouse.
✔✔What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔The information contained in DNA is expressed
through the production of mRNA via transcription and the synthesis of proteins via
translation of mRNA
✔✔Central Dogma - ✔✔DNA →(transcription)→ mRNA →(translation)→ Protein.
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔Any change in the sequence of the nucleotide bases in the DNA of an
individual. Random changes in the genetic material of organisms.
✔✔Describe the Relationship Between Mutation and Central Dogma - ✔✔A change in
the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA will result in a change in the sequence of
the nucleotide bases in the mRNA and this may lead to a change in the sequence of the
amino acids in the protein. This new sequence of amino acids in the protein could affect
its function either positively or negatively.
✔✔Vertical Evolution - ✔✔New species evolve from pre-existing species by the
accumulation of mutations, which are random changes in the genetic material of
organisms.
✔✔Natural Selection - ✔✔Mutations that alter the traits of an organism such that their
chances of surviving and reproducing are increased.
When a mutation causes a beneficial change, frequency of the mutation may increase
in a population from one generation to the next.
✔✔Charles Darwin - ✔✔Origin of the Species. Natural Selection
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Homologous Organs - ✔✔Organs or body parts that are similar in structure and
origin but have different uses in different animals
✔✔Analogous Organs - ✔✔Same function different structure
✔✔Vertical Descent with Modification - ✔✔Progression of changes in a lineage; new
species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations that are
selected for by natural selection.
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - ✔✔The transfer of genes between cells of the same
generation. E.g., penicillin resistant bacteria confers it's immunity to other bacteria.
✔✔What is the Human Taxon? - ✔✔eukarya, animalia, chordata-vertebrata, mammalia,
primates, haminidae, homo, sapiens
✔✔Science - ✔✔The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and
theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
✔✔Theory - ✔✔Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is
substantiated by a large body of evidence. Allows us to make many predictions. Also
can never be proved true
✔✔Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔General principles are used to predict specific results.
E.g., the pecies of an organism can be deduced from its characteristics
✔✔Inductive Reasoning - ✔✔Specific observations are used to construct general
scientific principles.
✔✔What are the 5 Steps of the Scientific Method? - ✔✔A series of steps followed to
solve problems
1. Collect data
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Analyze data
5. State conclusions
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis - ✔✔Affects about 1 in every 3,500 Americans.
Characterized by thick mucus in the lungs.
Homozygous (need 2 bad copies).
Missing amino acid (1 in 1700) prevents ATP from properly binding to protein to pump
Cl- ions out of the cell.
,Dorothy Anderson found it to be a genetic disorder; Tsui, Collins, & Riordan identified
CF gene.
✔✔Biosphere - ✔✔All the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of
all Earth's ecosystems.
✔✔Ecosystem - ✔✔A biological community of organisms and their abiotic environment
(temperature, sunlight, pH, etc.).
✔✔Community - ✔✔All of the populations (of separate species) living in the same
geographical area but NOT producing.
Ex. Wake Tech community consists of student population, cardinal population, crow
population, etc.
✔✔Population - ✔✔A group of organisms of the same species populating and
REPRODUCING in a given area.
✔✔Organism (Species) - ✔✔Each individual is a group of organ systems cooperating
together for a common purpose.
✔✔Organ System - ✔✔Organs cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Organ - ✔✔Tissues cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Tissue - ✔✔Cells cooperating together for a common purpose.
✔✔Cell - ✔✔A _____ is the lowest level of biological organization to have
characteristics of life.
✔✔Organelle - ✔✔Subpart of a cell that performs a particular function - e.g.,
mitochondrion.
✔✔Macromolecule - ✔✔Monomer's bonded together
✔✔Molecule - ✔✔2 or more atoms bonded together (actual monomers are many more
than 2)
✔✔Atom - ✔✔Smallest unit of each element that retains that element's characteristics.
✔✔Subatomic Particles - ✔✔Protons, neutrons and electrons.
✔✔Biome - ✔✔A large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna in a major
habitat. E.g., Raleigh is an eastern temperate deciduous forest.
, ✔✔Divergent Evolution - ✔✔We are united by an evolutionary past. All stem from a
limited # of single-celled organisms - life began on earth as primitive cells 3.5-4 billion
years ago.
✔✔Origin of Life - ✔✔3.8 Billion Years Ago
✔✔Solar System - ✔✔4.5 Billion Years Ago
✔✔When did Dinosaurs Become Extinct? - ✔✔65 Million Years Ago
✔✔Evolution - ✔✔ANY change in the average characteristics of a population over time.
Does not create new things; gives old things new uses (homologous structures). E.g.,
Milk Carton birdhouse.
✔✔What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔The information contained in DNA is expressed
through the production of mRNA via transcription and the synthesis of proteins via
translation of mRNA
✔✔Central Dogma - ✔✔DNA →(transcription)→ mRNA →(translation)→ Protein.
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔Any change in the sequence of the nucleotide bases in the DNA of an
individual. Random changes in the genetic material of organisms.
✔✔Describe the Relationship Between Mutation and Central Dogma - ✔✔A change in
the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA will result in a change in the sequence of
the nucleotide bases in the mRNA and this may lead to a change in the sequence of the
amino acids in the protein. This new sequence of amino acids in the protein could affect
its function either positively or negatively.
✔✔Vertical Evolution - ✔✔New species evolve from pre-existing species by the
accumulation of mutations, which are random changes in the genetic material of
organisms.
✔✔Natural Selection - ✔✔Mutations that alter the traits of an organism such that their
chances of surviving and reproducing are increased.
When a mutation causes a beneficial change, frequency of the mutation may increase
in a population from one generation to the next.
✔✔Charles Darwin - ✔✔Origin of the Species. Natural Selection
