NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 EXAMINATION TEST PAPER 2026
FULLY SOLVED QUESTIONS
⩥ Composition of blood. Answer: 5.5L total. 50-55% = plasma; 90%
water
⩥ Erythropoesis is stimulated by.... Answer: erythropoetin
⩥ Hemoglobin A. Answer: the majority of adult hemoglobin. 97% of
circulating hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
⩥ HbA2. Answer: minor adult hemoglobin. 2-3% of circulating
hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 delta chains.
⩥ Hemoglobin F. Answer: Fetal hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 gamma
chains. Has a greater affinity for and more regularly binds O2.
⩥ Anemia. Answer: a decrease in circulating red blood cells in the body,
as reflected by a reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBCs.
Less than 14 in men and less than 12 in women.
⩥ Normal RBC. Answer: 4.5-6
,⩥ Normal Hemoglobin. Answer: >13 in men, >12 in women.
⩥ Normal HCT. Answer: 40-50in men; 35-45 in women. usually 3x the
hemoglobin count.
⩥ Reticulocyte count. Answer: Low (<0.5%) High (>2%) if high, bone
marrow is trying to compensate for loss in hgb or red cells. problem
exists outside of the bome marrow
⩥ MCV (mean corpuscular volume). Answer: description of the volume
of an RBC. NOT DIAGNOSTIC
⩥ RDW (red cell distribution width). Answer: 11.5-15 %; index of
variation in RBC size and shape. Indicates evolving macro/microcytic
anemia.
⩥ MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin). Answer: commonly used: 27 -
31 pg/ cell
Amount of hemoglobin per RBC
⩥ Microcytic anemia. Answer: Iron deficiency, thalassemia,
inflammation. low MCV <80. Low reticulocyte count. Underproduction.
, ⩥ macrocytic anemia. Answer: Underproduction. B12 deficiency, Folic
Acid Deficiency, Antimetabolite drugs. MCV > 100; low reticulocyte
count
⩥ Normocytic Anemia. Answer: MCV 80-100; low reticulocyte count;
ex: dilutional/iatrogenic secondary to phlebotomy.
⩥ Folate Deficiency Anemia. Answer: Macrocytic anemia; poor intake;
low retic, elevate MCV/MCH, thrombocytopenia ad neutropenia,
elevated homocysteine; low RBC folate. Eat orange fruits! Never treat
folate deficiency without testing for B12 deficiency - can worsen
neurological symptoms specific to B12 deficiency
⩥ Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Answer: Macrocytic; malabsorption; occurs
when B12 is not released from food proteins due to impaired digestion;
Elevated MCV/Macrocytic;
⩥ Pernicious Anemia. Answer: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
⩥ Destruction (Hemolytic anemia). Answer: anemia with elevated
reticulocytes; intrinsic and extrinsic
⩥ intrinsic hemolytic anemia (hereditary). Answer: - Abnormal
hemoglobin
EXAM 1 EXAMINATION TEST PAPER 2026
FULLY SOLVED QUESTIONS
⩥ Composition of blood. Answer: 5.5L total. 50-55% = plasma; 90%
water
⩥ Erythropoesis is stimulated by.... Answer: erythropoetin
⩥ Hemoglobin A. Answer: the majority of adult hemoglobin. 97% of
circulating hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
⩥ HbA2. Answer: minor adult hemoglobin. 2-3% of circulating
hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 delta chains.
⩥ Hemoglobin F. Answer: Fetal hemoglobin. 2 alpha and 2 gamma
chains. Has a greater affinity for and more regularly binds O2.
⩥ Anemia. Answer: a decrease in circulating red blood cells in the body,
as reflected by a reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBCs.
Less than 14 in men and less than 12 in women.
⩥ Normal RBC. Answer: 4.5-6
,⩥ Normal Hemoglobin. Answer: >13 in men, >12 in women.
⩥ Normal HCT. Answer: 40-50in men; 35-45 in women. usually 3x the
hemoglobin count.
⩥ Reticulocyte count. Answer: Low (<0.5%) High (>2%) if high, bone
marrow is trying to compensate for loss in hgb or red cells. problem
exists outside of the bome marrow
⩥ MCV (mean corpuscular volume). Answer: description of the volume
of an RBC. NOT DIAGNOSTIC
⩥ RDW (red cell distribution width). Answer: 11.5-15 %; index of
variation in RBC size and shape. Indicates evolving macro/microcytic
anemia.
⩥ MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin). Answer: commonly used: 27 -
31 pg/ cell
Amount of hemoglobin per RBC
⩥ Microcytic anemia. Answer: Iron deficiency, thalassemia,
inflammation. low MCV <80. Low reticulocyte count. Underproduction.
, ⩥ macrocytic anemia. Answer: Underproduction. B12 deficiency, Folic
Acid Deficiency, Antimetabolite drugs. MCV > 100; low reticulocyte
count
⩥ Normocytic Anemia. Answer: MCV 80-100; low reticulocyte count;
ex: dilutional/iatrogenic secondary to phlebotomy.
⩥ Folate Deficiency Anemia. Answer: Macrocytic anemia; poor intake;
low retic, elevate MCV/MCH, thrombocytopenia ad neutropenia,
elevated homocysteine; low RBC folate. Eat orange fruits! Never treat
folate deficiency without testing for B12 deficiency - can worsen
neurological symptoms specific to B12 deficiency
⩥ Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Answer: Macrocytic; malabsorption; occurs
when B12 is not released from food proteins due to impaired digestion;
Elevated MCV/Macrocytic;
⩥ Pernicious Anemia. Answer: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
⩥ Destruction (Hemolytic anemia). Answer: anemia with elevated
reticulocytes; intrinsic and extrinsic
⩥ intrinsic hemolytic anemia (hereditary). Answer: - Abnormal
hemoglobin
