Clinical Microbiology & Immunology
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
what is symbiosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔long term interaction between 2 different
species living together
Symbiosis: in micro this means interactions between - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔microbes and their host
symbiosis is defined by who is _______ and who is ______ - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔benefitted and harmed
mutualism means that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔both benefit
commensalism - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔one benefits, other is unharmed
,parasitism means that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔one benefits, one is harmed
parasitism: obligatory - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔always a parasite dependent on host
for survival
parasitism: facultative - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔can become a parasite in the right
conditions
Germ theory: for most human history people believed illness came from -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔-miasma (bad air)
-imbalances of the 4 humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
-punishment from gods
germ theory is the idea that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microorganisms can invade
the body and cause disease
Louis Pasteur proposed that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microbes cause disease
Robert Koch developed - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Koch's postulates
-method to prove specific germ causes specific disease
Ignaz Semmelweis: what did he order doctors to do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Wash
hands with chlorinated lime for examining mothers, mortality rate dropped
,What are the three infectious agents of the microbial world - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites
Note: what are the acellular infectious agents - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viruses and
prions
What are pathogens - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Organisms that cause disease
virulence is the - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Severity of disease caused by pathogens
-varies greatly among pathogens
What are the two classes of infectious agents that are structurally less
complex than virions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔viroids and prions
what are viriods - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infectious circular RNA molecules without
a protein coat (capsid)
Viroids: are responsible for infectious diseases in - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔plants
Prions are - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infectious proteins that lack genes
Prions:both genetic and transmissible.... - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔spongiform
encephalopathies that can occur in humans
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, true or false: prions cause disease in humans - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔true but
rarely
Viruses are the smallest form of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔replicating intracellular
organisms
what are viruses composed of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔genes (DNA or RNA)
encased in a protein coat (capsid)
What is the most basic form of a virus possible - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Naked
capsid viruses
viruses may or may not have an extra - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔envelope
What is an envelope - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Extra lipid bilayer surrounding a virus
(enveloped virus)
A complete virus is known as a - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔virion
viruses are obligate..... - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔obligate intracellular pathogens
obligate intracellular pathogens means that viruses require - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Cells and cellular machinery to reproduce
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
what is symbiosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔long term interaction between 2 different
species living together
Symbiosis: in micro this means interactions between - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔microbes and their host
symbiosis is defined by who is _______ and who is ______ - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔benefitted and harmed
mutualism means that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔both benefit
commensalism - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔one benefits, other is unharmed
,parasitism means that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔one benefits, one is harmed
parasitism: obligatory - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔always a parasite dependent on host
for survival
parasitism: facultative - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔can become a parasite in the right
conditions
Germ theory: for most human history people believed illness came from -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔-miasma (bad air)
-imbalances of the 4 humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
-punishment from gods
germ theory is the idea that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microorganisms can invade
the body and cause disease
Louis Pasteur proposed that - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microbes cause disease
Robert Koch developed - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Koch's postulates
-method to prove specific germ causes specific disease
Ignaz Semmelweis: what did he order doctors to do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Wash
hands with chlorinated lime for examining mothers, mortality rate dropped
,What are the three infectious agents of the microbial world - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites
Note: what are the acellular infectious agents - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viruses and
prions
What are pathogens - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Organisms that cause disease
virulence is the - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Severity of disease caused by pathogens
-varies greatly among pathogens
What are the two classes of infectious agents that are structurally less
complex than virions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔viroids and prions
what are viriods - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infectious circular RNA molecules without
a protein coat (capsid)
Viroids: are responsible for infectious diseases in - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔plants
Prions are - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Infectious proteins that lack genes
Prions:both genetic and transmissible.... - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔spongiform
encephalopathies that can occur in humans
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, true or false: prions cause disease in humans - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔true but
rarely
Viruses are the smallest form of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔replicating intracellular
organisms
what are viruses composed of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔genes (DNA or RNA)
encased in a protein coat (capsid)
What is the most basic form of a virus possible - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Naked
capsid viruses
viruses may or may not have an extra - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔envelope
What is an envelope - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Extra lipid bilayer surrounding a virus
(enveloped virus)
A complete virus is known as a - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔virion
viruses are obligate..... - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔obligate intracellular pathogens
obligate intracellular pathogens means that viruses require - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Cells and cellular machinery to reproduce
