American Public University BIOL 133: BIOL133 All chapter quizzes (1-18): All in 1_ Answered Latest 2025/26.

BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 1: Chapter 1 - Study Questions - Results Attempt 1 of 2 Attempt Score 10 / 10 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10 / 10 - 100 % Question 1 1 / 1 point Which is an example of a hypothesis that can explain the observation, flashlight does not work? Question options: a.) The batteries are dead, or the bulb is burned out. b.) Replacing the batteries will make the flashlight work. c.) The batteries are dead. d.) If the bulb is replaced will the flashlight work? Question 2 1 / 1 point Place the steps of the scientific method in order from beginning to end. 1) Form a hypothesis 2) Analyze the results 3) Perform the experiment 4) Form a conclusion 5) Make an observation 6) Support or reject the hypothesis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :45:55 GMT -06:00 a.) 1,6,2,5,3,4 b.) 5,1,3,2,4,6 c.) 6,4,2,3,1,5 d.) 4,5,3,2,1,6 Question 3 1 / 1 point An experiment tested the health effects of a nutritional supplement by the following procedure: People were asked to choose to join the experimental group or the control group. People in the experimental group were given the supplement added to a pink, strawberry-flavored drink. People in the control group were given a glass of water. One hour later, the people were asked “Do you feel better?” How would you improve the experimental protocol? (Select all necessary changes.) Question options: a.) People should be randomly assigned to one group or the other. b.) The drinks should both look and taste the same. c.) The assessment should instead ask "Do you feel worse?" d.) People in the experimental group should be warned that they are getting a drug e.) The assessment should measure something more specific, such as blood pressure. f.) Sick people should all join the experimental group, so they can benefit from the supplement. g.) Vitamins should also be added to the experimental drinks, to make the health effects stronger. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :45:55 GMT -06:00 What sequence increases in complexity for levels of biological organization? Question options: a.) atoms, cells, tissues, molecules, organs, systems b.) atoms, molecule, cells, tissues, organs, systems c.) systems, organs, tissues, cells, atoms, molecules d.) tissues, cells, atoms, molecules, systems, organs e.) cells, atoms, molecules, organs, systems, tissues Question 5 1 / 1 point The integumentary system is composed of skin, hair, nails and glands. The skin contains areolar tissue. Areolar tissue contains fibroblast and macrophage cells. What characteristic of life does this represent? Question options: a.) homeostasis b.) regulation c.) growth d.) development e.) organization Question 6 1 / 1 point Which discipline would one practice if studying the development of zygotes (fertilized eggs) in mammals? Question options: This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :45:55 GMT -06:00 b.) herpetologist immunologist c.) microbiologist neurobiologist d.) embryologist mammalogist e.) taxonomist evolutionist Question 7 1 / 1 point A decrease in blood water levels is detected in the brain. The brain sends signals to the pituitary gland to release hormones that communicate with the kidney to reabsorb water, which will increase blood water levels. This represents what life property? Question options: a.) homeostasis b.) growth c.) regulation d.) reproduction e.) development Question 8 1 / 1 point When the brain, spinal cord and nerves of the body communicate with each other, it represents the _______________ level of organization. Question options: a.) cellular b.) organ c.) system e.) community This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :45:55 GMT -06:00 Based on levels of organization, which example represents the broadest level? Question options: a.) respiratory system b.)alligator c.) alligators, bass, long-nosed gar d.) Mississippi River e.) School of bass Question 10 1 / 1 point When a sperm uses chemical signals to navigate the swim towards the egg, it is positive response. This is a form of Question options: a.) homeostasis b.) regulation c.) growth d.) development e.) response This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :45:55 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 1: Chapter 2 - Study Questions Attempt Score 10 / 10 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10 / 10 - 100 % Question 1 1 / 1 point Why does water boil at a higher temperature than butter, which is non-polar? Question options: • breaking of hydrogen bonds requires a lot of energy • removing hydrogen from the liquid requires a lot of energy • energy is used to cool the water as it undergoes from liquid to gas • energy is consumed to form hydrogen bond Question 2 1 / 1 point The equation below represents a(n)____________________. 2NO2 ↔ N2O4 Question options: • Unselected • irreversible reaction • reversible reaction • reactant • product • enzymatic reaction Question 3 1 / 1 point Carbon represents less than 1% of the Earth's crust, but is 18% of the composition of living things. Why? Question options: • Living organisms sequester carbon to lower its toxicity to their cells. • Cytoplasm is composed largely of a liquid form of carbon. • Cell membranes are composed of layers of graphite. • The unique bonding properties of carbon allow it to create a huge variety of biological molecules. • This is a measure of waste gases like CO2 and CH4. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :46:13 GMT -06:00 After 11,200 years, approximately _____________________ carbon-14 would remain in a sample of wood. Question options: • 75% • 50% • 25% • 12.5% Question 5 1 / 1 point Normal (homeostatic) pH level of blood serum's pH is around 7.4. Carbonic acid is released in the blood to help maintain a pH when the blood has high hydroxyl levels. This would cause pH to change from Question options: • basic to acidic • basic to neutral • neutral to basic • acidic to 7.4 • basic to 7.4 Question 6 1 / 1 point Chemistry and physics are fall into which field of science? Select all that apply. Question options: • natural science • physical science • life science • social science • political science This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :46:13 GMT -06:00 What functional group allows sugars (CnH2nOn) to be water soluble? Select all that apply. Question options: • methyl • carbonyl • hydroxyl • amino • sulfhydryl Question 8 1 / 1 point Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 are examples of Question options: • isomers • molecules • ions • isotopes • enantiomers Question 9 1 / 1 point In the early years, there were actually multiple ways of graphically representing information about the elements. The scientific community settled on the current one based on Mendeleev’s 1869 periodic table, because it is so useful. Of the following statements about the periodic table, which one is INCORRECT? Question options: • The position of an element in the periodic table gives you a quick indication of what properties it has and how it is likely to behave. • The horizontal rows of the table, or periods, indicate chemical reactivity. For instance, the bottom row represents the unreactive noble gases. • Unselected • Often the periodic table is color-coded to indicate similar types of elements. For instance, alkali metals, transition metals, nonmetals, or noble gases This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :46:13 GMT -06:00 electron shells. When the outer shell is full of electrons, the element is a noble gas. • The vertical columns, or groups, indicate elements with similar chemical properties. Question 10 1 / 1 point Before the battery in the car is jumped, the individuals notice the hook-ups on the battery are corroded by acid. What substance can be used to clean the acid? Question options: • orange juice • baking soda • urine • black coffee • lemons This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :46:13 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()Chapter 3-wk 2 Study Questions - Results X Attempt 1 of 2 Written Oct 16, 2025 9:02 AM - Oct 16, 2025 9:13 AM Released Oct 25, 2025 12:00 AM Attempt Score 10/ 10 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10 / 10 - 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point At a meal, you are served a hamburger with cheese, onions, and beef on a bun. What ingredients represent the most carbohydrates? Select all that apply. (7] cheese [v) onion bun () beef Question 2 1/ 1 point The building blocks of nucleic acids are (O nitrogenous bases. @ nucleotides. O peptides. Q susgars. Question 3 1/ 1 point The R group interactions, B-pleated sheets and «-helix structure can be denatured, but what interaction relevant to structure cannot be denatured? (O disulfide bridge @ peptide bonds (O hydrophobic interactions (O hydrogen bonds (O ionic bondsQuestion 4 1/ 1 point are used for energy storage. (O Phospholipids QO Waxes (O Steroids @ Triglycerides (O Cholesterol Question 5 1/ 1 point What factors allow a pool of 20 amino acids to produce thousands of unique proteins? (Select all that apply.) variation in length of amino acid backbone C] each protein is encoded by a distinct gene variation in tertiary structure variations in which amino acids are used D variations in glycosidic linkage D variations in the type of peptide bond Question 6 1/ 1 point You are served dessert at a restaurant. You want to know what % of the calories in the dessert are from fat. The menu states that there are 10 grams of fat, 30 grams of carbohydrates and 4 grams of protein in the dessert. You know that the number of calories per gram is roughly the same for both protein and carbohydrates. What percentage of calories comes from fat for your dessert? O 10.5% ® 37% O 53% O 28Question 7 1/ 1 point In an experiment, a researcher grew cells in medium containing radiolabeled phosphate. What macromolecules would you expect to be radiolabeled when cellular components were later separated? phospholipids () starch RNA () fatty acids DNA (7] cholesterol O protein Question 8 1/ 1 point Indicate the statements that support the relationship between protein and structure. A protein that unfolds or is incorrectly folded can use chaperones to correct the structure. when some proteins are denatured, with return of the normal environmental conditions they might refold. D A proteins final shape is determined by the secondary structure. D pH, temperature and agitation can denature proteins rendering them active. A disease may occur if proteins do not fold correctly. Question 9 1/ 1 point You and your roommate are grocery shopping. “l don’t get it,” she says. “My doctor said | should buy this special milk because | don't digest it well. But this brand says ‘lactose-free’ and this brand says ‘lactase added’ - which do | want?” You reply: “The is a sugar in milk that you have trouble digesting, and is an enzyme that will digest it for you. QO lactase, lactose @ lactoselactaseQuestion 10 1/ 1 point Organisms must use macromolecules that have properties to match their functional requirements. In the list below, choose the appropriate macromolecule whose properties meet the requirement. Requirement: Short term energy storage "~ (animals) 1. cellulose __2 _ Requirement: Stable storage of information 2. DNA __3 __ Requirement: Energy storage for seeds 3. starch Requirement: Transient transmission of 4. glycogen — information 5. RNA __1 _Requirement: Strong cell walls bioChapter 4-wk 3 Study Questions - Results Attempt 1 of 2 Written Oct 22, 2025 11:27 PM - Oct 22, 2025 11:38 PM Attempt Score 9 /10-90 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10/ 10 - 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point Plants, fungi and bacteria all have what similarity? (O central vacuole O centrioles (O centrosomes @ cellwall (O mitochondria Question 2 0/ 1 point What is the pathway in which a protein moves through the endomembrane system? rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, transport vesicle, plasma membrane plasma membrane, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, rough ER rough ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, plasma membrane OO00® smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, plasma membrane Question 3 1/ 1 point The cell theory states (O all organisms are composed of multiple cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells require nutrients all cells will contain DNA, all cells are the smallest living things that can divide and all organisms are composed of cells arise spontaneously all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells o all cells are the smallest living things, all organisms are composed of one or more cells and all cells ® arise from other cellsQuestion 4 1/ 1 point Cardiac muscle requires junctions that allow electrical signals through. Cardiac muscle also relies on calcium to contract. What junction is involved and what organelle stores calcium? (O desmosomes, smooth ER (O plasmodesmata, rough ER @® gap, smooth ER QO tight, rough ER Question 5 1/ 1 point If an integrin protein is mutated what cell function might be affected? (@® communication between cytoskeleton and proteglycan O fluidity of phospholipids O cellular motility O cytoplasmic communication Question 6 1/ 1 point Larger cells function less effectively because as they increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio O stays the same Q increases @ decreases Question 7 1/ 1 point e _______prevent material from moving in or out of the brain's capillaries (O Desmosomes (O Plasmodesmatas (O Gap junctions @ Tight junctionsQuestion 8 1/ 1 point The shape of the cell is predominantly maintained by the (O plasma membrane @ cytoskeleton O cytoplasm (O endomembrane system Question 9 1/ 1 point Decondensed chromatin is located within the (O nucleolus during cell division (O nucleus during cell division (O nucleolus during maintenance nucleus during cell maintenance Question 10 1/ 1 point When comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes, flagella (O aid in structural support (O aid in phagocytosis (O are composed of a 9+2 array @ are use for movementChapter 5-wk 3 Study Questions - Results Attempt 2 of 2 Written Oct 23, 2025 10:30 PM - Oct 23, 2025 10:32 PM Attempt Score 10/ 10 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10 / 10 - 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point If sodium does not move down its gradient in the co-transport pump, what would be the outcome? (O Sugar would not be affected (O Sugar would not be able to move down the gradient @ Sugar would not be able to move up the gradient Question 2 1/ 1 point What protein is matched with its function? (O aquaporins - move water through the membrane by active transport (O carrier protein - nonspecific and will allow material to pass directly through @® channel protein - allow passage of material through the hydrophilic pore transport proteins - allow passage of material with the aid of ATP Question 3 1/ 1 point What molecule(s) could diffuse across the plasma membrane? (O disaccharides O Fe (O tryptophan amino acid ® cHQuestion 4 1/ 1 point The impermeability of cell plasma membranes is a major barrier to using drugs to kill tumor cells or affect cells transgenically. CPPs are peptides that were discovered to have the ability to transport themselves (and even attached cargo) into cells. How they get into cells is still a mystery, but CPPs all have multiple positively charged groups. Which of the following membrane components are they most likely to be interacting with? (O phospholipid tails (O intrinsic membrane proteins (O cholesterol @ phospholipid heads Question 5 1/ 1 point What substance would have the slowest speed of passage across a selectively permeable membrane? (O nonpolar large molecules (O nonpolar small molecules @ large polar molecules O small polar molecules Question 6 1/ 1 point The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as fluid due to (O phospholipids sporadically placed throughout the membrane (O the membrane is mostly composed of water @ the proteins and the phospholipids can move laterally throughout the membrane (O higher amounts of cholesterol (O higher amounts of cholesterolQuestion 7 1/ 1 point How are the membrane components oriented? The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the outside of the cell and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the inside of the cell. The hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the outside and the inside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other. The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the outside and inside of the cell. The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the inside of the cell and the hydrophilic tails are (O oriented towards the outside of the cell. Question 8 1/ 1 point What is the first step in Na+-K+ pump? (O ATPis hydrolyzed by a protein carrier @ Carrier protein binds to 3 Na+ (O shape change increases the carrier's affinity for K+ ions (O Phosphate group is removed and K+ attach (O The carrier protein has a reduced affinity for Na+ Question 9 1/ 1 point What components are or can be present in cellular passive transport? concentration gradient carrier proteins amphiphilic molecules Question 10 1/ 1 point Molecules move from a high to low concentration in (O isotonic solutions (O hypotonic solutions (O hypertonic solutions @ diffusion (O osmosisBIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 4: Chapter 6 Study Questions Question 1 1/ 1 point How does ATP differ from a RNA nucleotide? @® ATP has 3 phosphate group (O ATP has deoxyribose instead of ribose (O ATP has a 3C sugar (O ATP and RNA nucleotide and identical (O ATP lacks an adenine Question 2 1/ 1 point Making popsicles the entropy of the system. O increases @ decreases O does not effect Question 3 1/ 1 point After many years of difficult research, your company invented a drug that increases the enzyme rate for the synthesis of an important metabolite. Patients with mutations in the enzyme lack the metabolite and have devastating symptoms. Your team is thrilled to have a drug that speeds up the enzymatic rate. At your celebration, the new intern pipes up: "You guys didn't have to do all that work after all! Instead of giving patients this new drug, you could have just given them the metabolite directly." Your response? Products of metabolic reactions are not easily digestible, so it would pass through the patient O undigested. Each enzyme can catalyze multiple reactions. It is not feasible to provide enough of the metabolite to ® each cell directly. She is correct - this is an example of how pharmaceutical companies create expensive drugs when a O cheap solution would solve the problem. O It would have been much easier to give patients a small pill once a week containing the product of the reaction. But that compound was already patented by another company.Question 4 1/ 1 point CgH1204 + 60, — 6H,0 + 6CO5 is an example of @ catabolism (O anabolism (O synthesis Question 5 1/ 1 point Since metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of non-protein cell components like mono- and polysaccharides, lipids, and ATP, there is not much role for gene mutations to influence the process. O True @ False Question 6 1/ 1 point What is an example of potential energy? Select all that apply. concentration gradients O heat D sound () light energy in chemical bonds Question 7 1/ 1 point Researchers are working to develop biofuels to free us from dependence on fossil fuels. Based on what you know about cellulose, what do you predict are the major advantage and disadvantage of using cellulose-rich plant material as biofuel? (O There is not much energy in the glycosidic bonds of cellulose, but at least there is a lot of it. There is not much energy in the peptide bonds of cellulose, but at least it is very easy to break down The breakdown of cellulose into fructose is an endergonic reaction, but an enzyme can reverse the O O equilibrium. ® Cellulose is very difficult to break down into glucose, but it contains a lot of energy.Question 8 1/ 1 point Neostigmine is a drug used to treat the disease myasthenia gravis. The drug binds to the active site of acetylcholinesterase preventing breakdown of acetylcholine. This drug is a(n) QO allosteric inhibitor (O noncompetitive inhibitor Q allosteric activator @ competitive inhibitor Question 9 1/ 1 point Glycerol and fatty acids can combine to make triglycerides. This represents a(n) catabolic reaction anabolic reaction hydrolysis reaction aerobic reaction degredation reaction OO0OO0O®O Question 10 0.5/ 1 point What examples describe the second law of thermodynamics? Select all that apply. Select 2 correct answer(s) A penny will fall when you pick it up and let it drop. A frying pan is on a hot stove. When removed it will cool. () Ice cubes will melt in a warm room. D Donuts nutrients are used to help you exercise.Attempt Score 9.5/10-95% Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 9.5/10-95% Question 1 1/ 1 point How does ATP differ from a RNA nucleotide? O ATP lacks an adenine (O ATP has a 3C sugar O ATP and RNA nucleotide and identical @® ATP has 3 phosphate group (O ATP has deoxyribose instead of ribose Question 2 1/ 1 point Making popsicles the entropy of the system. O increases ® decreases O does not effect Question 3 1/ 1 point After many years of difficult research, your company invented a drug that increases the enzyme rate for the synthesis of an important metabolite. Patients with mutations in the enzyme lack the metabolite and have devastating symptoms. Your team is thrilled to have a drug that speeds up the enzymatic rate. At your celebration, the new intern pipes up: "You guys didn't have to do all that work after all! Instead of giving patients this new drug, you could have just given them the metabolite directly." Your response? Products of metabolic reactions are not easily digestible, so it would pass through the patient undigested. It would have been much easier to give patients a small pill once a week containing the product of the reaction. But that compound was already patented by another company. Each enzyme can catalyze multiple reactions. It is not feasible to provide enough of the metabolite to each cell directly. O @ O O She is correct - this is an example of how pharmaceutical companies create expensive drugs when a cheap solution would solve the problem.Question 4 1/ 1 point CgH1204 + 60, — 6H,0 + 6COzis anexampleof (@ catabolism (O anabolism (O synthesis Question 5 1/ 1 point Since metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of non-protein cell components like mono- and polysaccharides, lipids, and ATP, there is not much role for gene mutations to influence the process. O True @ False Question 6 1/ 1 point What is an example of potential energy? Select all that apply. [ ] light (] heat (v| concentration gradients (v energy in chemical bonds [ ] sound Question 7 1/ 1 point Researchers are working to develop biofuels to free us from dependence on fossil fuels. Based on what you know about cellulose, what do you predict are the major advantage and disadvantage of using cellulose-rich plant material as biofuel? (O There is not much energy in the glycosidic bonds of cellulose, but at least there is a lot of it. (O There is not much energy in the peptide bonds of cellulose, but at least it is very easy to break down The breakdown of cellulose into fructose is an endergonic reaction, but an enzyme can reverse the equilibrium. @ Cellulose is very difficult to break down into glucose, but it contains a lot of energy.Question 8 1/ 1 point Neostigmine is a drug used to treat the disease myasthenia gravis. The drug binds to the active site of acetylcholinesterase preventing breakdown of acetylcholine. This drug is a(n) @ competitive inhibitor (O noncompetitive inhibitor (O allosteric inhibitor (O allosteric activator Question 9 1/ 1 point Glycerol and fatty acids can combine to make triglycerides. This represents a(n) (O aerobic reaction (O catabolic reaction (O hydrolysis reaction @® anabolic reaction (O degredation reaction Question 10 0.5/ 1 point What examples describe the second law of thermodynamics? Select all that apply. Select 2 correct answer(s) [Z[ A penny will fall when you pick it up and let it drop. O A frying pan is on a hot stove. When removed it will cool. (v| lce cubes will melt in a warm room. |':] Donuts nutrients are used to help you exercise.BIOL133 Fall 2025 W5: Chapter 7 Study Questions Chapter 7- wk 5 Study Questions - Results X Attempt 1 of 2 Written Nov 3, 2025 12:37 PM - Nov 3, 2025 12:49 PM Attempt Score 10/10-100% Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10/ 10- 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point When has glucose been broken down from its original 6 carbon molecule to 6 molecules of carbon dioxide? (O oxidation of pyruvate (O slycolysis (O whenisocitrate is oxidized to x-Ketoglutarate @® when x-Ketoglutarate is oxidized to Succinyl CoA Question 2 1/ 1 point Assuming 2 ATPs are produced per FADH2, how many ATPs will be produced in oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule? O 0 O 2 @ 4 O 6 D View question 2 feedback Question 3 1/ 1 pointQuestion 3 1/ 1 point ____________ carbon dioxide molecules are given off during three turns of the Krebs cycle? ®@ 0000 o A WN e Question 4 1/ 1 point What area is not involved with pumping protons to the intermembrane space? O complex | @® complex Il QO complex I (O complex IV Question 5 1/ 1 point What vitamin derivative accepts hydrogen for complex | during ETC? QO thiamine @ riboflavin (O niacin (O pantothenic acid Question 6 1/ 1 point NADH and FADH2 are products of oxidation/reduction reactions glycolysis chemiosmosis 0O00® substrate level phosphorylationQuestion 7 What is not a good biological oxidizing agent? @ re* O 2 O NAD+ O FAD Question 8 1/ 1 point 1/ 1 point In gluconeogenesis, organisms use ATP to make glucose, then in cellular respiration they break down the glucose again to get energy. Why not just store the ATP? (Select all that apply.) D ATP does not have high-energy bonds. ATP is not energy dense enough. ATP only has energy after it is activated by glucose. ATP only has energy when it is attached to glucose. ATP without a cofactor forms crystalline structures. Using glucose directly to power enzymes is more efficient. @) @) ATP is not stable enough. O @) Question 9 Removal of NH3 is best described as (O beta oxidation @ deamination O lipolysis QO sglycolysis Question 10 Molecules generated from butter will enter aerobic cellular respiration at @ pyruvate oxidation O sglycolysis O Krebs cycle (O oxidative phosphorylation 1/ 1 point 1/ 1 pointBIOL133 Fall 2025 W5: Chapter 8 Study Questions Chapter 8- wk 5 Study Questions - Results X Attempt 2 of 2 Written Nov 4, 2025 3:06 PM - Nov 4, 2025 3:08 PM Attempt Score 10/ 10-100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10/ 10 - 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point The light independent reactions are important because they (O make ATP and NADPH @ convert CO2 into glucose (O split H20 to harvest electrons (O release O2 Question 2 1/ 1 point What properties are expressed by wavelengths? Select all that apply. Chlorophyll b absorbs a lot of energy from 460nm wavelengths Red absorbs little energy D Chlorophyll a reflects red light well Visible light's wavelengths are between 400-740nm D Green is useful in absorbing light during photosynthesis Question 3 1/ 1 point What is the flow of energy in order from source to end? (O human—sun—grass—cow (O cow—human—grass—sun @ sun—grass—cow—human O plant—sun—human—cowQuestion 4 1/ 1 point What statement shows the relationship among chloroplasts and mitochondria? (O both reduce NADP+ @ both generate ATP by proton gradient (O both use oxygen as the final electron acceptor (O both release carbon dioxide Question 5 1/ 1 point Light-dependent reactions build NADPH and oxygenby ________ (O oxidation (O reduction @ oxidation and reduction Question 6 1/ 1 point Organic molecules are made in the QO light dependent reactions @ Calvin cycle (O Krebs cycle QO sglycolysis Question 7 1/ 1 point P700 first transfers an electron through chlorophyll and a bound @ Qquinone O ferredoxin O 2Fe-25 QO plastocyaninQuestion 8 1/ 1 point If rubisco does not function properly, what process would be affected? (O ability to reduce NADP+ @ ability to fix carbon (O ability to split water (O ability to absorb photons Question 9 1/ 1 point Protons from electron transport will amass in the O stroma (O intermembrane space O matrix @ thylakoid lumen Question 10 1/ 1 point Why is the third stage of the Calvin cycle called the regeneration stage? Because Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the molecule needed at the start of the cycle, is regenerated from Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Because Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), the molecule needed at the start of the cycle, is regenerated from Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule OO0O @ Because the enzyme RuBisCO is reduced during this stage.BIOL133 A0Q05 Fall 2025 Week 5 Lab: Diffusion and Osmosis Exploration Small, uncharged molecules can pass through the membrane via simple diffusion. | » True False Exercise 1 How did the blood cells appear in each of the different sodium concentrations? What causes these differences in appearance? In the distilled water solution, the red blood cells appeared swollen. When cells swell, it means the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells, making the solution hypotonic. Meanwhile, when the red blood cells are diluted in the 0.9% sodium chloride solution, they all appear to look the same and equal. When this occurs, it means that there was no net movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. This, in turn, is an example of osmosis in an isotonic environment; therefore, it's safe to say that the 0.9% sodium chloride solution is isotonic. Lastly, the red blood cells in the 12.5% salt solution have a shrunken and wrinkled appearance. When the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells, it results in a net movement of water molecules out of the cells, causing the cells to shrink and collapse. This is an example of osmosis in a hypertonic environment, making the 12.5% salt solution a hypertonic solution. 182 /10000 Word Limit Is the movement of water in and out of these blood cells active or passive? The movement of water in and out of the red blood cells is a passive. When molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, they require no energy expenditure, resulting in passive movement. 37 /10000 Word LimitWhy do intravenous (IV) solutions need to have the same tonicity as blood? Intravenous (IV) solutions need to have the same tonicity as blood to allow for even exchange of water across the cell membrane, which keeps the cells whole/intact and functional. If the IV solution is less concentrated, then water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and burst. If the |V solution is more concentrated, then the water will move out of the cell, which will cause it to become dehydrated and shrink. 74 /10000 Word Limit Observation 1: Distilled Water Slide In this observation, the blood cells in distilled water appear to be swollen. Distilled water is a hypotonic solution, which means the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells. In turn, this causes a net movement of water molecules into the cells, which leads to swelling and causes them to eventually burst. 64 / 10000 Word Limit Observation 2: 0.9% Salt Solution 0.9% Sodium Chloride is an isotonic solution. In this observation, the red blood cells appear to look the same. During this osmosis, the concentration of solutes in the extracellular solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells. Therefore, there is no net movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. 56 /10000 Word Limit Observation 3: 12.5% Salt In this observation, the red blood cells seem to have shrunken or burst. Due to their appearance, we can say that this is an example of osmosis in a hypertonic environment. This is the result of the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid being greater than the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells. This, in turn, causes a net movement of water molecules out of the cells, resulting in the cells shrinking and collapsing. 77 /10000 Word LimitCompetency Review Which of the following does not impact membrane permeability? I * ATP Availability Molecule Charge Solute Concentration Molecule Size What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? There would be no change to the cell. Water would fill the cell, causing it to swell. * Water would leave the cell, causing it to shrink. Active transport moves molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration using ATP. True + False What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? Osmosis states that molecules move from high to low concentration, whereas diffusion states that molecules move from low to high concentration. * Osmosis refers to water molecules, whereas diffusion refers to any molecule. Diffusion refers only to water molecules, whereas osmosis refers to any molecule. Diffusion does not consider semi-permeable membranes, whereas osmosis only considers semi-permeable membranes. Membrane permeability increases as concentration decreases. ¢ True FalseChapter 9- wk 6 Study Questions - Results Attempt 1 of 2 Written Nov 13, 2025 8:02 AM - Nov 13, 2025 8:13 AM Attempt Score 9/10-90 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 9/ 10-90 % Question 1 1/ 1 point If calcium levels are low, cCAMP activity increases which leads to synthesis and release of parathyroid hormone. cAMP acts as a(n) O enzyme (O phosphorylating agent @ ligand (O second messenger Question 2 1/ 1 point Teeth can have a biofilm formed on the surface. Cell signaling will @ increase cell quantity (O cause apoptosis (O cause increase saliva production (O cause uncontrolled cell division Question 3 1/ 1 point Vibrio fischeri are bioluminescent when the population reaches a certain size. This is an example of O population density @® quorum sensing (O exponential growth QO principle of growth QO binary fissionQuestion 4 1/ 1 point What describes transcription factors? @ control of gene expression (O regulation of DNAduplication (O ATPinto cAMP (O synthesis of glycogen Question 5 1/ 1 point A common theme in many pathways is a cascade of similar enzymes acting on each other in sequence. For instance, MAP kinase kinase kinase adds a phosphate to MAP kinase kinase, which adds phosphate to MAP kinase, which adds phosphate to another substrate. What is the benefit of using a cascade of enzymes? (O Extra genes provide backup in case the original became mutated. @ A cascade amplifies output from the original signal. There is no benefit - "selfish genes" are often maintained in evolution for reasons unrelated to the function of their encoded proteins. (O Acascade is used for timing since it delays the response. Question 6 0/ 1 point Cell surface receptors have three domains with different roles. Match each role to the domain that is responsible. Sends conformational change through the ~~"~ plasma membrane ________ 1. Extracellular domain __1 _Binds the signaling molecule ________ 2. Hydrophobic domain Interacts with downstream signaling cascade 3. Cytosolic domain Question 7 1/ 1 point Protein phosphorylating enzymes help regulated gene expression by @ protein activation (O DNA synthesis (O translation (O moving mRNA into the cytoplasmQuestion 8 1/ 1 point Diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate are released from phosphatidylinositol biphosphate by (O adenylyl cyclase @® phospholipase C O protein kinaseC O G-protein O A-kinase Question 9 1/ 1 point Since plants have rigid cell walls formed from cellulose, transfer of information and materials between cells is prohibited. O True @ False Question 10 1/ 1 point is the substrate for adenylyl cylcase. O ADP O GTP ® ATP O cAMP O GDPChapter 9- wk 6 Study Questions - Results Attempt 2 of 2 Written Nov 15, 2025 11:51 AM - Nov 15, 2025 11:58 AM Attempt Score 10/ 10 - 100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10 / 10 - 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point If calcium levels are low, cCAMP activity increases which leads to synthesis and release of parathyroid hormone. cAMP acts as a(n) O enzyme (O phosphorylating agent @ ligand (O second messenger Question 2 1/ 1 point Teeth can have a biofilm formed on the surface. Cell signaling will (O cause apoptosis @® increase cell quantity (O cause uncontrolled cell division (O cause increase saliva production Question 3 1/ 1 point Vibrio fischeri are bioluminescent when the population reaches a certain size. This is an example of O population density @® quorum sensing (O exponential growth QO principle of growth QO binary fissionQuestion 4 1/ 1 point What describes transcription factors? @ control of gene expression (O regulation of DNA duplication (O ATPinto cAMP (O synthesis of glycogen Question 5 1/ 1 point A common theme in many pathways is a cascade of similar enzymes acting on each other in sequence. For instance, MAP kinase kinase kinase adds a phosphate to MAP kinase kinase, which adds phosphate to MAP kinase, which adds phosphate to another substrate. What is the benefit of using a cascade of enzymes? (O Extra genes provide backup in case the original became mutated. @® A cascade amplifies output from the original signal. There is no benefit - "selfish genes" are often maintained in evolution for reasons unrelated to the function of their encoded proteins. (O Acascade is used for timing since it delays the response. Question 6 1/ 1 point Cell surface receptors have three domains with different roles. Match each role to the domain that is responsible. __1 _ Binds the signaling molecule Interacts with downstream signaling cascade 1. Extracellular domain ,,,,,,, 2. Hydrophobic domain Sends conformational change through the 3. Cytosolic domain ~ plasma membrane Question 7 1/ 1 point Protein phosphorylating enzymes help regulated gene expression by (O moving mRNA into the cytoplasm QO translation @ protein activation (O DNA synthesisQuestion 8 1/ 1 point Diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate are released from phosphatidylinositol biphosphate by _ (O adenylyl cyclase @ phospholipase C (O protein kinase C O G-protein O A-kinase Question 9 1/ 1 point Since plants have rigid cell walls formed from cellulose, transfer of information and materials between cells is prohibited. O True @ False Question 10 1/ 1 point is the substrate for adenylyl cylcase. @® ATP O GTP O cAMP O ADP O GDPBIOL133 Fall 2025 W6: Discussion In Search of a Cure for Breast Cancer Part A: Three C’s Content: The one thing that stood out to me most in this case study was how cancer cells can quickly adapt and rapidly change in order to survive in their environment. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell is able to change and create two variants, TamC3 and TamR3. The TamC3 variant is a drugresistant cancer cell that is particularly resistant to tamoxifen, and TamR3 is the variant that can survive without estrogen. This shows the adaptive nature of cancer cells and how they are able to evolve in a way that prevents the therapy from working. It’s a similar way to what happens in real life with patients, and how their cancer will go into remission with treatment and then grow back even more aggressive and resistant than before. I found this to be very interesting because it is incredible how dynamic cancer cells are in how they function. This is why it is so important for scientists to continue researching and continue to target the pathways that the cells communicate through, like the mTOR and PI3K/Akt pathways, to create more effective and long-lasting treatments. Concern: So, what concerns me the most in this cancer study is how drugresistant cells manage to survive if they aren't activating the mTOR signaling pathway, which is the major pathway involved with signaling cellular energy utilization and growth. Since TamC3 and TamR3 cells are able to survive without the activation of mTOR, what else are they using in order to make up for the loss of this? Do they depend on other mechanisms to meet their survival needs? Or maybe they rely more on pathways that involve other energy-producing processes, like the Warburg effect, the breakdown of sugar, or the use of oxygen, in order to produce the energy required for them to continue to live. This leads me to wonder how cancer cells reprogram their metabolism in order to survive, which is something we still need to uncover. Connection: This case study is important because it shows how lessons about cell communication and hormone control relate to real medical challenges, such as cancer becoming resistant to treatment. In breast cancer, doctors use hormone-blocking drugs like tamoxifen, but over time, This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :48:59 GMT -06:00 and send signals, researchers can create treatment combinations that make it harder for cancer to adapt, for example, by targeting both hormone receptors and the cell’s energy systems. This case study hits home for me because my mom had breast cancer. I didn’t know and was not aware of any details because she kept it from me and my siblings, in hopes of not burdening us with her health issues, because we were so young. She went through the process of chemotherapy and was able to beat cancer because it was caught early. Thankful that she is in good health now, I pray that it does not come back. A recent study from the Mayo Clinic found that some HER2-positive breast cancers become resistant to specific targeted drugs because they produce a shortened version of the HER2 protein, called p95HER2. This modified form sends different signals inside the cell, allowing the cancer to escape treatment (Jacobbi, 2025). This finding relates closely to this case study on the MCF-7 cell lines (TamC3 and TamR3), which stop using their usual growth pathway, known as mTOR. Therefore, responding differently to drugs like rapamycin that target that pathway. Both examples show how cancer cells can “rewire” their internal communication systems to avoid being affected by treatments, either by changing the structure of a key receptor (like HER2) or by finding a way around a major growth control system (like mTOR)(Technology Networks, 2025). In real-world cancer care, this highlights the need to monitor how these signaling systems change over time, use advanced molecular testing to spot resistance early, and design treatments that can keep up with how cancer cells adapt, including shifts in their energy use and communication pathways. Part B: Part 1 – Answer the following Question(s) Q2. Based on their structure, how are progesterone and estrogen classified? Which type of a receptor do they interact with? What is the consequence of this interaction? Based on their structure, progesterone and estrogen are classified as steroid hormones. Because these hormones are made from cholesterol, they can move through the fatty layers of cell membranes without any issues, This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :48:59 GMT -06:00 and estrogen hormones interact with the progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER). In this case study, the breast cancer MCF-7 is labeled as PR+ (progesterone positive) and ER+ (estrogen positive). In other words, the growth of the cells relies on progesterone and estrogen hormones, which are signaled through these receptors. Once these hormones are inside the cell, they attach to the receptor(s). This causes the hormone receptors to go through changes in shape and then move into the nucleus, binding to specific DNA sequences to control the expression of target genes. This interaction then promotes the production of proteins that affect how the cells grow, mature, and function. Under normal conditions, the progesterone and estrogen hormones influence breast development during adolescence and the menstrual cycle. However, in PR+ and ER+ breast cancer cells, this process triggers target genes that make the cells multiply uncontrollably, causing tumors to develop (Skalska, 2019; Ellmann et al., 2009). Part 2 – Answer the following Question(s) Q4. What are some possible mechanisms that could be used to target breast cancer with ER+ phenotype? Breast cancers with an estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) phenotype depend on estrogen to grow and survive, so treatments focus on blocking this hormone’s effects. One possible mechanism is to use the prescription drug tamoxifen. This drug attaches to the estrogen receptor and stops estrogen from activating it. Another way to target ER+ breast cancer is by lowering the amount of estrogen in the body with aromatase inhibitors. This stops or prevents the enzyme that makes estrogen from other hormones. Some drugs, called Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs), can also break down the receptor so it can’t send growth signals. This case study shows that some ER+ breast cancer cells can find other ways to keep growing, even when estrogen is blocked, by using different growth pathways such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Because of this, combining hormone-blocking treatments with drugs that target these backup pathways can make treatment work better and help stop the cancer from becoming resistant to therapy. (Skalska, 2019; Alves & Ditzel, 2023). Part 4 - Answer the Short Essay question at the bottom of page 8 TamC3 and TamR3 cells were developed from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. MCF-7 cells have been grown in the lab with hormones, which This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :48:59 GMT -06:00 developed resistance to hormones. It was also shown that both cell lines remain sensitive to several stressors, like oxidative stress. These cells have a low dependence on mTOR signaling, so the growth and survival of these cells are independent of the mTOR signaling pathway (Figure 3, page 6; Leung et al., 2014). As a result, rapamycin, which blocks the mTOR signaling pathway, has no effect on these cells. In addition, TamC3 and TamR3 cells are resistant to this drug (Witton, 2004). On the other hand, the data shown in Figure 4, page 7, indicate that TamC3 and TamR3 cells are very sensitive to chemotherapy drugs, like camptothecin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil. TamC3 and TamR3 cells are also sensitive to oxidative stress, caused by hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the cellular response of TamC3 and TamR3 cells is specific to hormone-induced stress, and these cells are resistant to DNA damage and oxidative stress. In Figure 5, page 8, the metabolic data also shows that the TamC3 and TamR3 cells take up less glucose, have lower mitochondrial respiration rates, and overproduce lactate. As a result, these cancer cells have developed or gained the ability to survive and grow in conditions of low hormonal stress, such as a result of the Warburg effect. But this reprogramming may have caused them to become susceptible to oxidative or DNA damage. In conclusion, this study is the first to show how breast cancer cells can develop drug resistance through changes in mTOR signaling and metabolism. These data may lead to the development of combinations of treatments that would target metabolic and proliferative pathways in order to overcome resistance in hormone-dependent breast cancer. Reference Technology Networks. (2025, October 29). Why Some Breast Cancers Are Resistant to Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Cancer Research from Technology Networks; Technology Networks. Jacobbi, V. (2025, October 28). Mayo Clinic discovery of breast cancer treatment resistance can lead to new hope for some - Mayo Clinic News Network. Mayo Clinic News Network. Skalska, J. (2019, October 23). In Search of a Cure for Breast Cancer [Review of In Search of a Cure for Breast Cancer]. NATIONAL CENTER for CASE STUDY TEACHING in SCIENCE; NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE. Ellmann, S., Sticht, H., Thiel, F., Beckmann, M. W., Strick, R., & Strissel, P. L. (2009). Estrogen and progesterone receptors: from molecular structures to clinical targets. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 66(15), 2405–2426. Alves, C. L., & Ditzel, H. J. (2023). Drugging the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in ER+ Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 4522. Leung, E. Y., Kim, J. E., Askarian-Amiri, M., Joseph, W. R., McKeage, M. J., & Baguley, B. C. (2014). Hormone Resistance in Two MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines is Associated with Reduced mTOR Signaling, Decreased Glycolysis, and Increased Sensitivity to Cytotoxic Drugs. Frontiers in Oncology, 4. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :48:59 GMT -06:00 in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research, 7(1). This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :48:59 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 W7 Chapter 10 Study Questions Attempt Score 10/ 10-100 % Overall Grade (Highest Attempt) 10/ 10- 100 % Question 1 1/ 1 point If there are 8 centromeres in metaphase, how many centromeres will be present in anaphase? O 4 O 8 @® 16 O 32 Question 2 1/ 1 point If a researcher looks at a cell and notices a straight line of sister chromatids, which phase are they viewing? (O interphase (O prophase (O prometaphase @® metaphase (O anaphase (O telophase Question 3 1/ 1 point When the p53 gene is damaged, which event may happen? @ Cells can divide uncontrollobly (O Cells will fix the DNA pass the G1 checkpoint (O Cells will pass the G2 checkpoint (O Cells will always undergo apoptosisQuestion 4 1/ 1 point Which molecule initiates the halt of the cycle when damaged DNA is detected in G1? O Rb @® p53 (O Cdk/cyclin complex O p21 O E2F Question 5 1/ 1 point In nature, there is an exception to every rule. Of the species below, which one has a very unusual genome that violates the "rule"? Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, has a linear genome and up to 21 plasmids. E. coli, a common bacterium in the human intestine, has DNA nucleotides A, T, C, and G, with only one OH group on the sugar moiety. Humans have a genome formed from 23 pairs of linear chromosomes, each of which is so long that it must be wrapped up and condensed into a special structure to fit in the nucleus. ® O (@) (O Arabidopsis pollen is haploid, carrying only one copy each of five linear chromosomes. Question 6 1/ 1 point In which type of human cell(s) would 46 chromosomes be located? Select all that apply. diploid egg somatic gamete sperm O00ROE haploid Question 7 1/ 1 point Place the order of events in chromosome packaging from beginning to end. @ DNA double helix, chromatin, nucleosomes, sister chromatids (Q sister chromatids, DNA double helix, chromatin, nucleosome (O Chromatin, nucleosomes, DNA double helix, sister chromatids (O DNAdouble helix, nucleosome, sister chromatids, chromatinQuestion 8 1/ 1 point A large cell will be initiated to divide because @ adecrease in surface-to-volume ratio (O anincrease in surface-to-volume ratio O crowding from smaller cells QO large cells do not experience quiescent stage QO large cells use more nutrients than small cells Question 9 1/ 1 point A cell's entire amount of hereditary information is the O nucleoid O nucleus @ genome O DNA Question 10 1/ 1 point Damaged DNA can potentially be repaired during which checkpoint. Select all that apply. 9 & [:]S v G 0 G OMBIOL133 Fall2025 W7: Study Questions Chapter 11 This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:28 GMT -06:00 W7: Study Questions Chapter 11 This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:28 GMT -06:00 W7: Study Questions Chapter 11 This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:28 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 7 Lab Energy and Photosynthesis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:42 GMT -06:00 Week 7 Lab Energy and Photosynthesis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:42 GMT -06:00 Week 7 Lab Energy and Photosynthesis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:42 GMT -06:00 Week 7 Lab Energy and Photosynthesis ‌ This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:42 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 W8: Chapter 12 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:54 GMT -06:00 W8: Chapter 12 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:54 GMT -06:00 W8: Chapter 12 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:54 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Week 9 - Lab Mitosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:14 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 10 - CH 14 Quiz This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:31 GMT -06:00 Week 10 - CH 14 Quiz This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:31 GMT -06:00 Week 10 - CH 14 Quiz This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:31 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:46 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:46 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:46 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:46 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :50:46 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:36 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:36 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:36 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:36 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Ch 15 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:36 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 11 Lab: Meiosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:41 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Lab: Meiosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:41 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Lab: Meiosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:41 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Lab: Meiosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:41 GMT -06:00 Week 11 Lab: Meiosis This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :06:41 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Week 12 CH 16 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :07:20 GMT -06:00 Week 12 CH 16 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :07:20 GMT -06:00 Week 12 CH 16 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :07:20 GMT -06:00 Week 12 CH 16 Study Questions This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :07:20 GMT -06:00 Powered by TCPDF ()BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 Question 1 (2.5 points) Why is working with linked genes not simple? Question 1 options: potential of crossing over in meiosis I potential of independent assortment in meiosis I they reside on different chromosomes one gene often masks the other gene Question 2 (2.5 points) Prokaryotes are able to perform transcription and translation at the same time because they lack Question 2 options: ribosomes a nucleus a plasma membrane plasmids transcription bubbles Question 3 (2.5 points) The allele for widows peak (H) is dominant for the allele for no widows peak (h). At a different gene locus, the allele for hitchhikers thumb (D) is dominant to the allele for non-hitchhikers thumb (d). A man is heterozygote for the traits and marries a woman who has no widows peak and is heterozygote for hitchhikers thumb. What is the man's genotype? Question 3 options:BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 HHDD HhDd HHdd hhDD hhdd Question 4 (2.5 points) In a monohybrid cross, the offspring would be what genotypes? Select all that apply. Question 4 options: Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant Heterozygotes None of the above Question 5 (2.5 points) A child contains what proportion of their parent's genetic makeup? Question 5 options: 33:67 25:75 50:50 40:60 Question 6 (2.5 points)BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 An organism with nonfunctioning telomerase Question 6 options: would be unaffected cannot replicate DNA and RNA would have shorten chromosomes earlier than normal cells would be unable to synthesize proteins would be unable to go through mitosis Question 7 (2.5 points) What does a spliceosome remove from pre-mRNA during the process of splicing? Question 7 options: introns exons spliceons 7-methlyguanosine poly-A tail Question 8 (2.5 points) The part of the gene that is designated as +1 is also known as Question 8 options: the start codon the initiation siteBIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 the nontemplate strand rho-dependent termination Question 9 (2.5 points) Nondisjunction during meiosis I will result in ________. Question 9 options: n n-1 n+1 n+1 and n-1 n, n-1, and n+1 Question 10 (2.5 points) Comb shape in chickens. Rose (A) is dominant over nonrose (a). Pea (B) is dominant over nonpea (b). Dominants for rose and pea produce a walnut comb. Homozygous for rose and pea produce a single comb. This describes Question 10 options: epistasis polygenic pleiotropy hemizygosity dominance Question 11 (2.5 points)BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 Where is the promoter sequence TATAAT located? Question 11 options: +35 +10 +1 -1 -10 -35 Question 12 (2.5 points) Your study partner is confused. “I thought Watson and Crick discovered genes – who are all these other people?” Help out by matching each discovery with the scientist(s) who made it. Question 12 options: DNA has a double helical structure. ____4____ Genes nearby on a chromosomes are linked, but can become unlinked by recombination. ___3_____ Genes are carried on chromosomes. ______2__ Developed a technique for predicting the outcome of crosses. ____5____ Traits arise from discrete units that remain unchanged even 1. Mendel 2. Sutton and Boveri 3. Morgan 4. Watson and Crick 5. PunnettBIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 when not exhibited. ____1____ Question 13 (2.5 points) Why do bacteria not need telomerase? Question 13 options: Bacteria have a similar functioning enzyme Bacteria do not go through cell division Bacteria have circular DNA Bacteria cannot produce RNA The lifespan of bacteria are short Question 14 (2.5 points) A mutation changing an alanine to a glycine would likely have little effect on the protein function since they are both small, ________, amino acids. Question 14 options: positive nonpolar negative charged polar Question 15 (2.5 points) For DNA polymerase to begin replication, the primer used in Sanger sequencingBIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 Question 15 options: can have any nucleotide sequence will have a complementary sequence to the 3 ׳end will have a complementary sequence to the 5 ׳end Question 16 (2.5 points) Some scientists have proposed that the earliest forms of life may have existed in an "RNA World" where RNA was both the genetic material and responsible for enzymatic activity. Imagine that you have recreated such a life form. What would demonstrate that RNA, but not protein or DNA, is necessary and sufficient for these functions? Question 16 options: The organism lives and replicates despite RNase and DNase treatment, but the organism dies when treated with protease. The organism lives and replicates despite protease and DNase treatment, but the organism dies when treated with RNase. The organism lives and replicates despite protease treatment, but the organism dies when treated with DNase and RNase. The organism lives and replicates despite DNase treatment, but the organism dies when treated with RNase and protease. Question 17 (2.5 points) Which direction is the template DNA read by the RNA polymerase? Question 17 options: 5' - 3' upstreamBIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 downstream 3'- 5' Question 18 (2.5 points) What best describes the human karyotype? Question 18 options: 42 pairs of autosomes one pair of sex chromosomes and 23 pairs of autosomes X chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes One pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes Question 19 (2.5 points) Mature tRNA has an amino acid binding site at one end and the other end interacts with the mRNA by complementary base pairing due to the ________. Question 19 options: start codon anitcodon initiation site promoter Question 20 (2.5 points) Why did Mendel's work go unnoticed? Question 20 options:BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 The scientific community believed new traits develop through mutation The scientific community believed new traits developed through blending of traits from parents. The scientific community believed dominant traits would always mask recessive traits The scientific community believed that physical characteristics were dependent on many genes interacting. The scientific community believed that traits are inherited in distinct groups. Question 21 (2.5 points) The number of different stop codons is ________? Question 21 options: one two three twenty sixty four Question 22 (2.5 points) Low pitched male voices (RR) and a high pitched male voice (rr). Heterozygotes have a baritone voice. This is an example of _________. Question 22 options: incomplete dominance codominanceBIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 Mendelian genetics (dominance and recessive multiple alleles Question 23 (2.5 points) Which amino acid can sometimes be present at the P site without first entering the A site of the ribosome? Question 23 options: alanine leucine tryptophan methionine Question 24 (2.5 points) ________ found in the -10 sequence makes it easier for the DNA to separate. Question 24 options: G-C base pairs Template strands Non-template strands A-T base pairs Start codons Question 25 (2.5 points) A mutation causes a codon to change from UAC to UAU, both of which specify tyrosine. This is an example of Question 25 options:BIOL133 Fall 2025 Exam 3: Chapters 12-15 a frameshift mutation missense mutation silent mutation nonsense mutation Question 26 (2.5 points) Frameshift mutations occur when Question 26 options: bases are added or deleted there is an amino acid substitution there is a transition substitution transversion substitution Question 27 (2.5 points) Due to a random error by the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, a tRNAVal was misloaded with Ile. What do you predict will result? Question 27 options: One protein will get Val inserted