BLOCK 1 EXAM TERMS BLOCK 3
Term Definition Importance in psychology Example
ANOVA - Analysis of variance Allow researchers to look for differences - One way repeated measures
- statistical test between or among two or more groups - Used when researcher is looking for diff
- looks at variance of data between blood pressure levels obtained
- is Mean in diff conditions same during diff exercise sessions with same
group of pps
- determines if the IV significant effect
Attributions - People assign causes to things like be- Understanding ways people make sense of - Heider and Simmel
haviour and situations their social world. - found that people use info provided dur-
- Cognitive ing a situation to create a logical explana-
tion for what occurred during that event.
Bystander effect - People less likely to respond to emer- Understanding irregular social behaviour in - 1954 Kitty Genovese murder
gency situation if others present emergency situations - 38 witnesses failed to respond to the
crime
- 'someone else will'
Contact hypothesis - Positive interaction between members of Research has produced interventions that - Allport (1954)
diff groups reduces intergroup prejudice look to build a tolerant society by improving - was able to draw conclusions on how to
intergroup attitudes achieve successful interventions of pro-
moting the intergroup contact.
- Star et al.
- WW2 US infantry study asked white sol-
diers opinions re the integration of
coloured soldiers. Results highlighted
regular contact important for improving
intergroup attitudes.
Diary methods - Qual research method Used to obtain qual data to be coded and - Bolger (1990)
- participants required to conduct visual, measured quan means. Records fresh data - studied student anxiety
immediately, can be time consuming
audio, written diary of experiences - found an increase in anxiety as the exam
approached through self report diaries.
, BLOCK 1 EXAM TERMS BLOCK 3
Term Definition Importance in psychology Example
Egocentrism - Piaget 1920 Showed egocentrism visible in young chil- - Hughes & Donaldson (1979)
- Lack of awareness others have differing dren but reduces as the child ages. - 3 mountains task
perceptions, beliefs, thoughts - children to describe the view of a moun-
tain from their perspective then describe
a view of the same mountain but from the
perspective of the person opposite
- this showed that egocentrism would re-
duce once child accepted there is more
than their own view of something.
Erikson’s psychological - Erikson 1950 Illustrates how a persons psychological de- - One stage during early adulthood is when
stages - 8 stages of development velopment changes across lifespan a person tries to interact with others
- First year of life to old age. - failure to develop self-esteem during pre-
- At each stage the person must success- vious stages can instead lead to feelings
of insecurity and isolation.
fully negotiate the appropriate self-other
interaction or risk maldevelopment.
- If an infant experience a break in conti-
nuity of care, infant turn in on them-
selves and not well-adjusted develop-
ment.
Evaluative conditioning - Refers to change in attitude towards Implicit attitudes can be manipulated to - Holland et al. study
something due to association with a dif- change a person's subsequent behaviour. - found that pairing snack images with a
ferent positive or negative stimulus that negative body image effected people's
evokes a strong response. attitudes towards snack foods.
- Assumes preference is socially learned,
affects implicit attitudes.
Gender stability - Kohlberg 1966 Stages offer a broader understanding of
- Second stage how children come to comprehend gender
over time.
- Marks the point at which a child be-
comes aware of their gender identity and
that it is fixed state.
Term Definition Importance in psychology Example
ANOVA - Analysis of variance Allow researchers to look for differences - One way repeated measures
- statistical test between or among two or more groups - Used when researcher is looking for diff
- looks at variance of data between blood pressure levels obtained
- is Mean in diff conditions same during diff exercise sessions with same
group of pps
- determines if the IV significant effect
Attributions - People assign causes to things like be- Understanding ways people make sense of - Heider and Simmel
haviour and situations their social world. - found that people use info provided dur-
- Cognitive ing a situation to create a logical explana-
tion for what occurred during that event.
Bystander effect - People less likely to respond to emer- Understanding irregular social behaviour in - 1954 Kitty Genovese murder
gency situation if others present emergency situations - 38 witnesses failed to respond to the
crime
- 'someone else will'
Contact hypothesis - Positive interaction between members of Research has produced interventions that - Allport (1954)
diff groups reduces intergroup prejudice look to build a tolerant society by improving - was able to draw conclusions on how to
intergroup attitudes achieve successful interventions of pro-
moting the intergroup contact.
- Star et al.
- WW2 US infantry study asked white sol-
diers opinions re the integration of
coloured soldiers. Results highlighted
regular contact important for improving
intergroup attitudes.
Diary methods - Qual research method Used to obtain qual data to be coded and - Bolger (1990)
- participants required to conduct visual, measured quan means. Records fresh data - studied student anxiety
immediately, can be time consuming
audio, written diary of experiences - found an increase in anxiety as the exam
approached through self report diaries.
, BLOCK 1 EXAM TERMS BLOCK 3
Term Definition Importance in psychology Example
Egocentrism - Piaget 1920 Showed egocentrism visible in young chil- - Hughes & Donaldson (1979)
- Lack of awareness others have differing dren but reduces as the child ages. - 3 mountains task
perceptions, beliefs, thoughts - children to describe the view of a moun-
tain from their perspective then describe
a view of the same mountain but from the
perspective of the person opposite
- this showed that egocentrism would re-
duce once child accepted there is more
than their own view of something.
Erikson’s psychological - Erikson 1950 Illustrates how a persons psychological de- - One stage during early adulthood is when
stages - 8 stages of development velopment changes across lifespan a person tries to interact with others
- First year of life to old age. - failure to develop self-esteem during pre-
- At each stage the person must success- vious stages can instead lead to feelings
of insecurity and isolation.
fully negotiate the appropriate self-other
interaction or risk maldevelopment.
- If an infant experience a break in conti-
nuity of care, infant turn in on them-
selves and not well-adjusted develop-
ment.
Evaluative conditioning - Refers to change in attitude towards Implicit attitudes can be manipulated to - Holland et al. study
something due to association with a dif- change a person's subsequent behaviour. - found that pairing snack images with a
ferent positive or negative stimulus that negative body image effected people's
evokes a strong response. attitudes towards snack foods.
- Assumes preference is socially learned,
affects implicit attitudes.
Gender stability - Kohlberg 1966 Stages offer a broader understanding of
- Second stage how children come to comprehend gender
over time.
- Marks the point at which a child be-
comes aware of their gender identity and
that it is fixed state.
