CHAPTER 11 EGAN’S EXAM SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
◉ Ventilation is ______ Answer: Cyclic
◉ What are the 3 Phases of ventilation? Answer: - Inspiration
- Expiration
- Pause at End-Expiration
◉ Ventilation facilitates what process? Answer: The removal of CO2
and replenishment of O2 during respiration
◉ Lung/Thorax Compliance and Resistance Answer: The load the
respiratory muscles must overcome to produce ventilation
◉ In resting healthy lungs inspiratory effort is ________ while
expiration is completely __________ Answer: Minimal, Passive
◉ Compliance Answer: The willingness/ability of the lungs to
inflate. Healthy lungs have high compliance
,◉ Resistance Answer: A force preventing the lungs from inflating.
Could be airway constriction, spasm or a blockage
◉ Compliance Vs. Resistance Issues Answer: - Compliance:
Something is limiting the lungs ability to fully expand. Ex: Obesity or
a tight hug
- Resistance: Something is causing resistance to normal breathing.
Ex: Bronchospasm from asthma
◉ Exhalation is an _________ recoiling of the lungs after inspiration
Answer: Automatic
◉ COPD is a disease of _______________ Answer: Overcompliance. The
elastic tissues in the lungs have been damaged and they cannot
properly recoil
◉ What causes gases to move from areas of high to lower pressure?
Answer: Pressure Gradients
◉ What causes pressure gradients to develop in the respiratory
cycle? Answer: The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cage
◉ Transairway Pressure Gradient (Ptaw) Answer: The pressure
gradient that causes gas to flow in and out of the lungs
, ◉ Ptaw Answer: Transairway Pressure/ The pressure difference
between the airway opening and alveolar pressure
◉ Transairway Pressure (Ptaw) Formula Answer: Ptaw= Pao-PA
Pao= Pressure at the airway opening
PA= Alveolar Pressure
◉ Transpulmonary Pressure Gradient (PL) Answer: The pressure
gradient that maintains alveolar inflation
◉ PL Answer: Transpulmonary Pressure/The pressure difference
between alveolar pressure and the pressure at the airway opening
◉ What opposing forces establish Transpulmonary Pressure?
Answer: The recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall
◉ Transpulmonary Pressure (PL) Formula Answer: PL= PA-Ppl
PA= Alveolar Pressure
Ppl= Pleural Pressure
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
◉ Ventilation is ______ Answer: Cyclic
◉ What are the 3 Phases of ventilation? Answer: - Inspiration
- Expiration
- Pause at End-Expiration
◉ Ventilation facilitates what process? Answer: The removal of CO2
and replenishment of O2 during respiration
◉ Lung/Thorax Compliance and Resistance Answer: The load the
respiratory muscles must overcome to produce ventilation
◉ In resting healthy lungs inspiratory effort is ________ while
expiration is completely __________ Answer: Minimal, Passive
◉ Compliance Answer: The willingness/ability of the lungs to
inflate. Healthy lungs have high compliance
,◉ Resistance Answer: A force preventing the lungs from inflating.
Could be airway constriction, spasm or a blockage
◉ Compliance Vs. Resistance Issues Answer: - Compliance:
Something is limiting the lungs ability to fully expand. Ex: Obesity or
a tight hug
- Resistance: Something is causing resistance to normal breathing.
Ex: Bronchospasm from asthma
◉ Exhalation is an _________ recoiling of the lungs after inspiration
Answer: Automatic
◉ COPD is a disease of _______________ Answer: Overcompliance. The
elastic tissues in the lungs have been damaged and they cannot
properly recoil
◉ What causes gases to move from areas of high to lower pressure?
Answer: Pressure Gradients
◉ What causes pressure gradients to develop in the respiratory
cycle? Answer: The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cage
◉ Transairway Pressure Gradient (Ptaw) Answer: The pressure
gradient that causes gas to flow in and out of the lungs
, ◉ Ptaw Answer: Transairway Pressure/ The pressure difference
between the airway opening and alveolar pressure
◉ Transairway Pressure (Ptaw) Formula Answer: Ptaw= Pao-PA
Pao= Pressure at the airway opening
PA= Alveolar Pressure
◉ Transpulmonary Pressure Gradient (PL) Answer: The pressure
gradient that maintains alveolar inflation
◉ PL Answer: Transpulmonary Pressure/The pressure difference
between alveolar pressure and the pressure at the airway opening
◉ What opposing forces establish Transpulmonary Pressure?
Answer: The recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall
◉ Transpulmonary Pressure (PL) Formula Answer: PL= PA-Ppl
PA= Alveolar Pressure
Ppl= Pleural Pressure
