WGU D203: Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology – Master the Human
Body with Confidence
Functions of the skeletal system
Provide framework for the human body, structure, protect internal organs
Ossification
the process cartilage is changed into bone
Long bones
Cylinder-like in shape and longer than it is wide, these are the strongest bones in your body
Examples of the long bone
Humerus (upper arm); femur (thigh); clavicle (collarbone); radius (forearm); ulna (forearm); phalanges
(fingers and toes); tibia (lower leg); fibula (lower leg
Short bones
equal in width and length
Examples of short bones
carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones
Flat bones
Flat and plate-like
Examples of flat bones
bones of the skull (cranial bones); rib cage; scapula (shoulder blade
Irregular bones
,irregular in shape
Examples of irregular bones
vertebrae (spine); hip bones; mandible (jaw)
Sesamoid bones
small and round; embedded in a tendon
Examples of sesamoid bones
patella (kneecap)
Immovable joints (fibrous)
allow little or no movement at the joint (ex: skull, rib cage)
Partly movable joints (cartilaginous)
permit slight movement (ex: joints between adjacent vertebrae in the spine)
Movable joints (synovial joints)
allow bones to move freely (ex: hip, knee joints)
skeletal muscle tissue
is voluntary; made up of three layers of tissue
skeletal muscle tissue function
allows for movement by pulling on our bones; Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs
cardiac muscle tissue
is involuntary; found only in the heart
cardiac muscle function
allows blood to pump through the circulatory system
smooth muscle tissue
is involuntary; found in the internal organs
smooth muscle function
regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction; help move food through the digestive and urine
system
location
a specific region of the body (ex: frontalis muscle -frontal bone of the skull)
size
, identified by their size from large to small (ex: gluteus maximus (biggest/largest)
shape
indicator of the name of a muscle (ex: trapezius (trapezoid shaped)
fiber direction
named by the direction the muscle fiber runs in relation to the midline of the body (ex: rectus abdominis
(straight)
action
named by their function (ex: flexor (flexion) and extensor (extension)
origin/insertion
sites where muscle originates and inserts
axial muscles
located in the head, neck, trunk
examples axial muscles
smiling, frowning, swallowing, closing your eyes
appendicular muscles
located arms, legs, feet, and hands
examples of appendicular muscles
throwing a ball, running, kicking a ball
Muscle contraction
a tightening or shortening of muscles (assist with stability and temperature regulation)
Muscle relaxation
occurs when muscle returns to normal after contracting
Sarcomere
controls muscle movement: helps muscles contract and relax
Sliding Filament Theory
the theory that explains the process of muscle contraction and relaxation
two divisions of the nervous system
a. (CNS) central nervous system
b. (PNS) peripheral nervous system
and Physiology – Master the Human
Body with Confidence
Functions of the skeletal system
Provide framework for the human body, structure, protect internal organs
Ossification
the process cartilage is changed into bone
Long bones
Cylinder-like in shape and longer than it is wide, these are the strongest bones in your body
Examples of the long bone
Humerus (upper arm); femur (thigh); clavicle (collarbone); radius (forearm); ulna (forearm); phalanges
(fingers and toes); tibia (lower leg); fibula (lower leg
Short bones
equal in width and length
Examples of short bones
carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones
Flat bones
Flat and plate-like
Examples of flat bones
bones of the skull (cranial bones); rib cage; scapula (shoulder blade
Irregular bones
,irregular in shape
Examples of irregular bones
vertebrae (spine); hip bones; mandible (jaw)
Sesamoid bones
small and round; embedded in a tendon
Examples of sesamoid bones
patella (kneecap)
Immovable joints (fibrous)
allow little or no movement at the joint (ex: skull, rib cage)
Partly movable joints (cartilaginous)
permit slight movement (ex: joints between adjacent vertebrae in the spine)
Movable joints (synovial joints)
allow bones to move freely (ex: hip, knee joints)
skeletal muscle tissue
is voluntary; made up of three layers of tissue
skeletal muscle tissue function
allows for movement by pulling on our bones; Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs
cardiac muscle tissue
is involuntary; found only in the heart
cardiac muscle function
allows blood to pump through the circulatory system
smooth muscle tissue
is involuntary; found in the internal organs
smooth muscle function
regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction; help move food through the digestive and urine
system
location
a specific region of the body (ex: frontalis muscle -frontal bone of the skull)
size
, identified by their size from large to small (ex: gluteus maximus (biggest/largest)
shape
indicator of the name of a muscle (ex: trapezius (trapezoid shaped)
fiber direction
named by the direction the muscle fiber runs in relation to the midline of the body (ex: rectus abdominis
(straight)
action
named by their function (ex: flexor (flexion) and extensor (extension)
origin/insertion
sites where muscle originates and inserts
axial muscles
located in the head, neck, trunk
examples axial muscles
smiling, frowning, swallowing, closing your eyes
appendicular muscles
located arms, legs, feet, and hands
examples of appendicular muscles
throwing a ball, running, kicking a ball
Muscle contraction
a tightening or shortening of muscles (assist with stability and temperature regulation)
Muscle relaxation
occurs when muscle returns to normal after contracting
Sarcomere
controls muscle movement: helps muscles contract and relax
Sliding Filament Theory
the theory that explains the process of muscle contraction and relaxation
two divisions of the nervous system
a. (CNS) central nervous system
b. (PNS) peripheral nervous system
