HSA 452 Exam 1 Study Guide
Question and answers 100% correct
2025/2026
when and why did hospitals develop into medicalized institutions rather than religious spaces? - correct
answer ✔in the 1700s cities established institutions for people with contagious diseases (a pesthouse
for a disease, an almshouse for one who could not take care of themselves)
-these had terrible conditions, but these early hospitals reflected American concepts of charity and
public responsibility by providing for society's most vulnerable populations
when, where, and why did large hospitals come into play? - correct answer ✔in the 1800s
physicians founded hospitals to protect the well from the sick and "insane" and to provide a centrally
located "practice" / teaching sites
what was the role of hospitals in the mid 1700s? - correct answer ✔cities established institutions
(isolation hospitals) for people with contagious disease
where was the first US hospital to treat medical conditions rather than serve as an almshouse? who
founded it? - correct answer ✔philadelphia pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751
who was the Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751, founded by? - correct answer ✔Benjamin
Franklin was an instrumental person.
in the 19th century, who did hospitals serve? and why? - correct answer ✔-only the socially marginal,
poor, or isolated received medical care in institutions in the US because there was a greater social
responsibility to take care of the poor
what did the rich do when they fell ill? - correct answer ✔they would receive care at home and be
taken care of by family or have at home visits
,what three things happened late in the nineteenth century that resulted in a gradual shift toward the
professionalization of healthcare practices that eventually included development of a full and
competitive market for medical services that increasingly took place at hospitals? - correct answer ✔-as
society became increasingly industrialized and mobile and as medical practices grew in their
sophistication and complexity, the notion that responsible families and caring communities took care of
their own become more difficult to apply
in the early 1900s, what four groups primarily ran hospitals? which did it for profits? - correct answer
✔-privately supported voluntary hospitals, managed by lay trustees, funded by public subscriptions,
bequests, philanthropic donations
-catholic sisters, brothers were the owner, nurses and administrators of catholic institution
what are the four major characteristics of the 1980s? - correct answer ✔1) growth of for-profit hospital
networks
2) for-profit and no-for-profit institutions began forming larger hospital systems
3) system was a corporate entity that owned and operated more hospitals
4) DRGs --> Diagnosis Related Groups
when did hospitals transform into expensive, modern hospitals of science and technology serving
increasing numbers of paying middle-class patients; therefore, increasing financial pressures and
competition? - correct answer ✔- there were significant economic disparities in the south and west;
less capital was available for private philanthropy which hindered the creation of voluntary hospitals and
they mainly relied on religious hospital institutions
- there was a census performed to assess hospital care and it showed that most of the funding was
allocated to the northeast and suggested and heightened the need for public support of hospital care
what was the defining characteristic of hospitals from 1865 to 1925? - correct answer ✔the way the
power of science increasingly affected hospital decisions
what happened to demand after WWII? - correct answer ✔-there was a huge surge of demand
, -this resulted in the hill burton act in 1947
what did the hill-burton act do? when? - correct answer ✔1947-1975
it provided federal financial assistance for the planning, construction, and improvement of healthcare
facilities. facilities receiving funding were required to provide a reasonable volume of free care each
year for those residents of the affected area who required care but were unable to pay
when did medicare and medicaid begin providing money for the care of the aged and the poor? - correct
answer ✔medicare (65+) and medicaid (poor) were established in 1965 and provide money for the care
of the aged and the poor
during the 1970s what was the critical utilization shift? - correct answer ✔-the number of beds in
federal, psychiatric, tuberculosis, other long-term care facilities and community hospitals increased their
bed capacity by 32.7%
-nonfederal, short-term care institutions represented 82.3% of all hospitals and it contained over half of
all hospitals beds and had 92.1% of all admissions
-this growth of these facilities, along with the invention of new treatments and technologies,
contributed to escalating patient hospital costs, leading the federal government to impose wage and
price controls on hospitals in 1971
what led to the government imposing wage and price controls on hospital in 1971? - correct answer
✔the growth of community hospitals that offered more comprehensive care along with the invention of
new treatments and technologies is what contributed to escalating patient costs
escalating patient costs is what led the government to impose wage and price controls on hospitals in
1971
what considerably altered hospital decisions, with a focus changing toward greater efficiency? - correct
answer ✔DRGs (Diagnostic Related Groups)
-medicare incorporated a prospective payment system in 1983, with federal programs paying a present
for a specific diagnosis in the form of diagnostic related groups
-as third-party payers, DRGs radically changed medicare reimbursements
Question and answers 100% correct
2025/2026
when and why did hospitals develop into medicalized institutions rather than religious spaces? - correct
answer ✔in the 1700s cities established institutions for people with contagious diseases (a pesthouse
for a disease, an almshouse for one who could not take care of themselves)
-these had terrible conditions, but these early hospitals reflected American concepts of charity and
public responsibility by providing for society's most vulnerable populations
when, where, and why did large hospitals come into play? - correct answer ✔in the 1800s
physicians founded hospitals to protect the well from the sick and "insane" and to provide a centrally
located "practice" / teaching sites
what was the role of hospitals in the mid 1700s? - correct answer ✔cities established institutions
(isolation hospitals) for people with contagious disease
where was the first US hospital to treat medical conditions rather than serve as an almshouse? who
founded it? - correct answer ✔philadelphia pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751
who was the Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751, founded by? - correct answer ✔Benjamin
Franklin was an instrumental person.
in the 19th century, who did hospitals serve? and why? - correct answer ✔-only the socially marginal,
poor, or isolated received medical care in institutions in the US because there was a greater social
responsibility to take care of the poor
what did the rich do when they fell ill? - correct answer ✔they would receive care at home and be
taken care of by family or have at home visits
,what three things happened late in the nineteenth century that resulted in a gradual shift toward the
professionalization of healthcare practices that eventually included development of a full and
competitive market for medical services that increasingly took place at hospitals? - correct answer ✔-as
society became increasingly industrialized and mobile and as medical practices grew in their
sophistication and complexity, the notion that responsible families and caring communities took care of
their own become more difficult to apply
in the early 1900s, what four groups primarily ran hospitals? which did it for profits? - correct answer
✔-privately supported voluntary hospitals, managed by lay trustees, funded by public subscriptions,
bequests, philanthropic donations
-catholic sisters, brothers were the owner, nurses and administrators of catholic institution
what are the four major characteristics of the 1980s? - correct answer ✔1) growth of for-profit hospital
networks
2) for-profit and no-for-profit institutions began forming larger hospital systems
3) system was a corporate entity that owned and operated more hospitals
4) DRGs --> Diagnosis Related Groups
when did hospitals transform into expensive, modern hospitals of science and technology serving
increasing numbers of paying middle-class patients; therefore, increasing financial pressures and
competition? - correct answer ✔- there were significant economic disparities in the south and west;
less capital was available for private philanthropy which hindered the creation of voluntary hospitals and
they mainly relied on religious hospital institutions
- there was a census performed to assess hospital care and it showed that most of the funding was
allocated to the northeast and suggested and heightened the need for public support of hospital care
what was the defining characteristic of hospitals from 1865 to 1925? - correct answer ✔the way the
power of science increasingly affected hospital decisions
what happened to demand after WWII? - correct answer ✔-there was a huge surge of demand
, -this resulted in the hill burton act in 1947
what did the hill-burton act do? when? - correct answer ✔1947-1975
it provided federal financial assistance for the planning, construction, and improvement of healthcare
facilities. facilities receiving funding were required to provide a reasonable volume of free care each
year for those residents of the affected area who required care but were unable to pay
when did medicare and medicaid begin providing money for the care of the aged and the poor? - correct
answer ✔medicare (65+) and medicaid (poor) were established in 1965 and provide money for the care
of the aged and the poor
during the 1970s what was the critical utilization shift? - correct answer ✔-the number of beds in
federal, psychiatric, tuberculosis, other long-term care facilities and community hospitals increased their
bed capacity by 32.7%
-nonfederal, short-term care institutions represented 82.3% of all hospitals and it contained over half of
all hospitals beds and had 92.1% of all admissions
-this growth of these facilities, along with the invention of new treatments and technologies,
contributed to escalating patient hospital costs, leading the federal government to impose wage and
price controls on hospitals in 1971
what led to the government imposing wage and price controls on hospital in 1971? - correct answer
✔the growth of community hospitals that offered more comprehensive care along with the invention of
new treatments and technologies is what contributed to escalating patient costs
escalating patient costs is what led the government to impose wage and price controls on hospitals in
1971
what considerably altered hospital decisions, with a focus changing toward greater efficiency? - correct
answer ✔DRGs (Diagnostic Related Groups)
-medicare incorporated a prospective payment system in 1983, with federal programs paying a present
for a specific diagnosis in the form of diagnostic related groups
-as third-party payers, DRGs radically changed medicare reimbursements
