FRSC 2600 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027
forensic science - Answers the study and application of science to matters of law
criminalistics - Answers the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes;
synonymous with forensic science
criminology - Answers includes the psychological angle, studying the crime scene for motive,
traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence
crime lab - basic services - Answers physical science unit (chemistry, physics, geology), biology
unit, firearms unit, fingerprint unit, photography unit
crime lab - optional services - Answers toxicology unit, document unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint
analysis unit, evidence-collection unit
other forensic science services - Answers pathology, anthropology, entomology, psychiatry,
odontology, engineering, cybertechnology
major crime agencies and laboratories - Answers FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigations
DEA - Drug Enforcement Agency
ATF - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
NCIS - Naval Criminal Investigative Services
NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board
US Postal Service
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Edmond Locard - Answers -Father of the Crime Lab
-Established first police crime lab in the world (France 1910)
-Locard exchange principle: whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of
each are exchanged
Matnieu Orfila - Answers father of forensic toxicology, spanish medical professor who
developed a test for identifying arsenic in the body
Alphonse Bertillion - Answers father of criminal identification using anthropometry (body
measurements as a means of identification)
Francis Galton - Answers first to develop a method using fingerprints as a means of
identification
,wrote Finger Prints book - first statistical proof of uniqueness of fingerprints
Dr. Karl Landsteiner - Answers Austrian physician identified A, B, AB, O blood groups in 1901 -
investigates chemistry of antigens, antibodies, etc.
later Leone Lattes devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group in a dried
bloodstain
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow - Answers German pathologist who standardized a way to perform
autopsies
cell theory said cells arise only from other cells
scientific method - Answers 1. observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective
data
2. consider a hypothesis or possible solution
3. examine, test, and then analyze the evidence
4. determine the significance of the evidence
5. formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence
complex reasoning skills - Answers Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Classifying
Comparing and Contrasting
Problem Solving
Analyzing Perspectives
Constructing Support
Error Analysis
Laws that pertain to the US Criminal Justice System - Answers -US Constitution
-Statutory Law
-Common Law or Case Law
-Civil Law
-Criminal Law
, -Equity law
-Administrative law
The Bill of Rights - Answers gives individuals the right to:
-to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
-not to be arrested without probable cause
-to trial by jury etc.
Fourth amendment - Answers the right against:
-search warrant - legal document that allows a search of self or property
-warrantless search - the existence of emergency circumstances, the need to prevent the
immediate loss or destruction of evidence, a search of a person and property within the
immediate control of the person leading to a lawful arrest, a search made by consent of the
parties involved
Miranda v. Arizona - Answers Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of
their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to
questioning by police
Miranda Rights - Answers "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be
used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an
attorney, one will be provided for you. Do you understand the rights I have just read to you? With
these rights in mind, do you wish to speak to me?"
types of evidence - Answers -direct - eyewitness statements, confessions
-circumstantial - requires an indirect judgement or inference about what happened (usually a
series of circumstances from which a fair assumption can be made as to the validity)
-testimonial - also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence
-physical - any object or material that is relevant in a crime
reasonable doubt - Answers the level of certainty a juror must have to find a defendant guilty of
a crime
Frye v. United States (1923) - Answers Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it was
generally accepted by the scientific community (does not offer any guidance on reliability)
Daubert v. Dow (1993) - Answers admissibility is determined by:
-whether the theory or technique can be tested
forensic science - Answers the study and application of science to matters of law
criminalistics - Answers the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes;
synonymous with forensic science
criminology - Answers includes the psychological angle, studying the crime scene for motive,
traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence
crime lab - basic services - Answers physical science unit (chemistry, physics, geology), biology
unit, firearms unit, fingerprint unit, photography unit
crime lab - optional services - Answers toxicology unit, document unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint
analysis unit, evidence-collection unit
other forensic science services - Answers pathology, anthropology, entomology, psychiatry,
odontology, engineering, cybertechnology
major crime agencies and laboratories - Answers FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigations
DEA - Drug Enforcement Agency
ATF - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
NCIS - Naval Criminal Investigative Services
NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board
US Postal Service
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Edmond Locard - Answers -Father of the Crime Lab
-Established first police crime lab in the world (France 1910)
-Locard exchange principle: whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of
each are exchanged
Matnieu Orfila - Answers father of forensic toxicology, spanish medical professor who
developed a test for identifying arsenic in the body
Alphonse Bertillion - Answers father of criminal identification using anthropometry (body
measurements as a means of identification)
Francis Galton - Answers first to develop a method using fingerprints as a means of
identification
,wrote Finger Prints book - first statistical proof of uniqueness of fingerprints
Dr. Karl Landsteiner - Answers Austrian physician identified A, B, AB, O blood groups in 1901 -
investigates chemistry of antigens, antibodies, etc.
later Leone Lattes devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group in a dried
bloodstain
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow - Answers German pathologist who standardized a way to perform
autopsies
cell theory said cells arise only from other cells
scientific method - Answers 1. observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective
data
2. consider a hypothesis or possible solution
3. examine, test, and then analyze the evidence
4. determine the significance of the evidence
5. formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence
complex reasoning skills - Answers Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Classifying
Comparing and Contrasting
Problem Solving
Analyzing Perspectives
Constructing Support
Error Analysis
Laws that pertain to the US Criminal Justice System - Answers -US Constitution
-Statutory Law
-Common Law or Case Law
-Civil Law
-Criminal Law
, -Equity law
-Administrative law
The Bill of Rights - Answers gives individuals the right to:
-to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
-not to be arrested without probable cause
-to trial by jury etc.
Fourth amendment - Answers the right against:
-search warrant - legal document that allows a search of self or property
-warrantless search - the existence of emergency circumstances, the need to prevent the
immediate loss or destruction of evidence, a search of a person and property within the
immediate control of the person leading to a lawful arrest, a search made by consent of the
parties involved
Miranda v. Arizona - Answers Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of
their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to
questioning by police
Miranda Rights - Answers "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be
used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an
attorney, one will be provided for you. Do you understand the rights I have just read to you? With
these rights in mind, do you wish to speak to me?"
types of evidence - Answers -direct - eyewitness statements, confessions
-circumstantial - requires an indirect judgement or inference about what happened (usually a
series of circumstances from which a fair assumption can be made as to the validity)
-testimonial - also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence
-physical - any object or material that is relevant in a crime
reasonable doubt - Answers the level of certainty a juror must have to find a defendant guilty of
a crime
Frye v. United States (1923) - Answers Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it was
generally accepted by the scientific community (does not offer any guidance on reliability)
Daubert v. Dow (1993) - Answers admissibility is determined by:
-whether the theory or technique can be tested
