NR 503 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide; Chapter 2-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-15, 16-20 | DOWNLOAD To Score An A+ | Chamberlain College of Nursing

Chapters 2-4 Which of the following is a condition which may occur during the incubation period? Transmission of infection Chicken pox is a highly communicable disease. It may be transmitted by d irect contact with a person infected with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The typical incubation time is between 10 to 20 days. A boy started school 2 weeks after showing symptoms of chicken pox including mild fever, skin rash, & fluid-filled blisters. One month Contact was after infectious period The ability of a single person to remain free of clinical illness following exposure to an infectious agent is known as: Immunityafter the boy returned to school, none of his classmates had been infected by VZV. The main reason was: Which of the following is characteristic of a single-exposure, common-vehicle outbreak? What is the diarrhea attack rate in persons who ate both ice cream & pizza? What is the overall attack rate in persons who did not eat ice cream? Which of the food items (or combination of items) is most likely to be the infective item(s)? Which of the following reasons can explain why a person who did not consume the infective food item got sick? An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a boarding school with a student enrollment of 846. Fifty-seven students reported symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, & low-grade fever between 10 p.m. on September 24 & 8 p.m. on September 25. The ill students lived in dormitories that housed 723 of the students. The table below provides information on the number of students per type of residence & the number reporting illnesses consistent with the described symptoms & onset time. Calculate the attack rate among all students at the boarding school. The answer is found by dividing the total number of cases (57) by the total number of students (846). This equals 6.7%. An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a boarding school with a student enrollment of 846. Fifty-seven students reported symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, & low-grade fever between 10 p.m. on September 24 & 8 p.m. on September 25. The ill students lived in dormitories that housed 723 of the students. The table below provides information on the number of students per type of residence & the number reporting illnesses consistent with the described symptoms & onset time. Calculate the attack rates for boys & girls separately. For girls, the attack rate includes all cases (12 + 2) divided by the total number of students who are girls (343 + 77). The attack rate is 3.3%. An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a boarding school with a student enrollment of 846. Fifty-seven students reported symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, & low-grade fever between 10 p.m. on September 24 & 8 p.m. on September 25. The ill students lived in dormitories that housed 723 of the students. The table below provides information on the number of students per type of residence & the number reporting illnesses consistent with the described symptoms & onset time. What is the proportion of total cases occurring in boys? The proportion of cases occurring in boys is equal to the number of cases in boys divided by the total number of cases (43/57). This equals 75.4%. An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a boarding school with a student enrollment of 846. Fifty-seven students reported symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, & low-grade fever between 10 p.m. on September 24 & 8 p.m. on September 25. The ill students lived in dormitories that housed 723 of the students. The table below provides information on the number of students per type of residence & the number reporting illnesses consistent with the described symptoms & onset time. What is the proportion of total cases occurring in students who live in dormitories? An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a boarding school with a student enrollment of 846. Fifty-seven students reported symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, & low-grade fever between 10 p.m. on September 24 & 8 p.m. on September 25. The ill students lived in dormitories that housed 723 of the students. The table below provides information on the number of students per type of residence & the number reporting illnesses consistent with the described symptoms & onset time. Which proportion is more informative for the purpose of the outbreak investigation? Which of the following are examples of a population prevalence rate? What would be the effect on age-specific incidence rates of uterine cancer if women with hysterectomies were excluded from the denominator of incidence calculations assuming that most women who have had hysterectomies are older than 50 years of age. A survey was conducted among 1,000 r&omly sampled adult males in the United States in 2005. The results from this survey are shown below. The researchers stated that there was a doubling of risk of hypertension in each age group younger than 60 years of age. You conclude that the researchers’ interpretation: The incidence & prevalence rates of a chronic childhood illness for a specific community are given below. Based on the data, which of the following interpretations best describes disease X? Which of the following is an advantage of active surveillance? The population of a city on February 15, 2005, was 36,600. The city has a passive surveillance system that collects hospital & private physician reports of influenza cases every month. During the period between January 1 & April 1, 2005, 2,200 new cases of influenza occurred in the city. Of these cases, 775 persons were ill with influenza according to surveillance reports on April 1, 2005. What can be inferred about influenza cases occurring in the city? A study found that adults older than age 50 had a higher prevalence of pneumonia than those who were younger than age 50. Which of the following is consistent with this finding? Which of the following statements are true? More than one answer may be correct. Incidence rates can be used to estimate prevalence when the mean duration of the disease is known A disease has an incidence of 10 per 1,000 persons per year, & 80% of those affected will die within 1 year. Prior to the year 2000, only 50% of cases of the disease were detected by physician diagnosis prior to death. In the year 2000, a lab test was developed that identified 90% of cases an average of 6 months prior to symptom onset; however, the prognosis did not improve after diagnosis. Which statement is true concerning the duration of the disease after the development of the lab test? A disease has an incidence of 10 per 1,000 persons per year, & 80% of those affected will die within 1 year. Prior to the year 2000, only 50% of cases of the disease were detected by physician diagnosis prior to death. In the year 2000, a lab test was developed that identified 90% of cases an average of 6 months prior to symptom onset; however, the prognosis did not improve after diagnosis. Which statement is true concerning the disease-specific mortality rate after the development of the lab test? In a coastal area of a country in which a tsunami struck, there were 100,000 deaths in a population of 2.4 million for the year ending December 31, 2005. What was the all-cause crude mortality rate per 1,000 persons during 2005? In an industrialized nation, there were 192 deaths due to lung diseases in miners ages 20 to 64 years. The expected number of deaths in this occupational group, based on age-specific death rates for lung diseases in all males ages 20 to 64 years, was 238 during 1990. What was the st&ardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lung diseases in miners? In 2001, a state enacted a law that required the use of safety seats for all children under 7 years of age & m&atory seatbelt use for all persons. The table below lists the number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) & the total population by age in 2000 (before the law) & in 2005 (4 years after the law was enacted). What is the age-specific mortality rate due to MVAs for children ages 0 to 18 years in 2000? Using the pooled total of the 2000 & 2005 populations as the st&ard rate, calculate the age-adjusted mortality rate due to MVAs in 2005. The correct answer is 2.3 MVA deaths per 1,000 persons. The key to calculating the age-adjusted rate is to pool the observed numbers for both time periods & to calculate the expected numbers of deaths in the 2005 population assuming that a common rate applied to the population. The following table gives the mean annual age-specific mortality rates from measles during the first 25 years of life in successive 5-year periods. You may assume that the population is in a steady state (i.e., migrations out are equal to migrations in). The age-specific mortality rates for the cohort born in are: The following table gives the mean annual age-specific mortality rates from measles during the first 25 years of life in successive 5-year periods. You may assume that the population is in a steady state (i.e., migrations out are equal to migrations in). Based on the information above, one may conclude: Which of the following characteristics indicate that mortality rates provide a reliable estimate of disease incidence? More than one answer may be correct. Which of the following statements are true? More than one answer may be correct. The table below describes the number of illnesses & deaths caused by plague in four communities. The case-fatality rate associated with plague is lowest in which community? The table below describes the number of illnesses & deaths caused by plague in four communities. The proportionate mortality ratio associated with plague is lowest in which community? Chapters 5-6 In a community-based hypertension testing program called HT-Aware, the detection level for high blood pressure is set at 140 mmHg for systolic blood pressure. A separate testing program called HT-Warning in the same community sets the level at 130 mmHg for high systolic blood pressure. Which statements are likely to be true? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What is the positive predictive value (PPV) of the school nurse’s exam? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. How many children will be labeled myopic following the optometrist’s exam? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What is the positive predictive value (PPV) of the optometrist’s exam? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What is the negative predictive value (NPV) of the optometrist’s exam? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What is the overall sensitivity of the sequential examinations? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What is the overall specificity of the sequential examinations? A school nurse examined a population of 1,000 children in an attempt to detect nearsightedness. The prevalence of myopia in this population is known to be 15%. The sensitivity of the examination is 60% & its specificity is 80%. All children labeled as “positive” (i.e., suspected of having myopia) by the school nurse are sent for examination by an optometrist. The sensitivity of the optometrist’s examination is 98% & its specificity is 90%. What would be the positive predictive value (PPV) of the exam for myopia if the optometrist tested all 1,000 children? Which of the following improves the reliability of diabetes screening tests? A prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is a quick screening test for prostate cancer. A researcher wants to evaluate it using two groups. Group A consists of 1,500 men who had biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate while group B consists of 3,000 age- & race-matched men all of whom showed no cancer at biopsy. The results of the PSA screening test in each group is shown in the table. What is the sensitivity of the PSA screening test in the combined groups? What is the specificity of the screening test in the combined groups? What is the positive predictive value (PPV) of the screening test in the combined groups? What is the estimate of kappa for the reliability of the two doctors’ test results? After reviewing the results of the test comparison, an epidemiologist decides that the specificity of the test is too low. Using the same CMR images, he raises the cutoff value for a positive test to increase the specificity. What is the likely effect on the sensitivity? In comparing the mammography readings of two technicians who evaluated the same set of 600 mammograms for presence of breast cancer from a generally representative sample of women from the population, In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. What was the annual mortality rate for the country during 2005? In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. What was the case-fatality rate (CFR) from TB during 2005? In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. What is the proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) for TB during 2005? In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. Not all 135,000 cases of TB were contracted during 2005. Which of the following statements is true? Which of the following statements pertains to relative survival? What was the probability of surviving the second year given survival to the end of the first year? What was the cumulative probability of surviving after only 2 years of follow-up? . An important assumption in this type of analysis is that: No change has occurred in the effectiveness of treatment during the 3-year period Complete the table. What is the probability that a person enrolled in the study will survive to the end of the third year? The answer is 48.6%. Completing the table gives the following results for each column: Which of the following is a key assumption involved in the use of life-table analysis? Which of the following is a measure of disease prognosis? In 2003, Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared in several countries, mainly in Asia. The disease was determined to have been caused by a virus that could be spread from person –to person from the index case occurring in mainl& China. This table reflects the total number of reported cases of SARS & deaths among those cases as best as can be determined. What is the overall case-fatality rate for the worldwide epidemic of SARS? 9.5% In 2003, Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared in several countries, mainly in Asia. The disease was determined to have been caused by a virus that could be spread from person –to person from the index case occurring in mainl& China. This table reflects the total number of reported cases of SARS & deaths among those cases as best as can be determined. Following a revision in the case definition, more persons were found to have suffered from an infection with the SARS virus. The inclusion of these cases, almost all asymptomatic, did not impact the total number of SARS fatalities. What happened to the case-fatality rate (CFR) following this reclassification? What is the probability of surviving the second year of the study given that a person survived the first year? Therefore, the second year survival probability among all those surviving in the study past the first year is 53%. The probability of dying during the second year equals the number of deaths during the interval (55) divided by the total number of persons alive at the start of the interval less one half of those withdrawing from the study (117). Subtracting this value from 100% results in a survival rate of 53% for the interval. For all people in the study, what is the probability of surviving to the end of the second year? What is the probability chance of surviving 3 years after diagnosis? T What is the total number of person-years of follow-up for patients in the study assuming a median survival time of one half of the year for all persons dying during an interval & an observation time of one half of the year for all persons withdrawing from the study? Chapters 7-8 Which of the following statements best describe efficacy? A study is conducted for a pharmaceutical agent that has shown promise for reducing heart disease among women. In order to more fully test the agent, an additional study is done restricting the participants to be r&omized to those who have a history of hypertension. Which of the following advantages cannot be claimed by the researchers? What is the incidence of needing a blood transfusion in the group of persons who were r&omized to the new drug treatment? What is the number of persons who died in hospital in the study? What is the main advantage of the r&omization of the 168 study participants to one of the two drug treatment groups? A new drug treatment for cardiac thrombus claims to have a higher success rate than the current drug. A strong sign of the potential success is the lack of internal hemorrhaging starting 2 days after treatment. 168 patients who require treatment for cardiac thrombi are r&omized after agreeing to participate in a trial of the new drug. The researchers were interested in whether the new drug reduced the need for blood transfusions due to internal hemorrhage compared to the current treatment. The following table summarizes the results of her study: The researchers interpret the findings to conclude that the new drug treatment is more likely to result in a blood transfusion & subsequent death. This statement is: A r&omized, double-blind clinical trial of a varicella vaccine observed an estimated incidence of 25% chickenpox episodes in persons receiving the vaccine, compared to 80% among persons receiving a placebo. The estimated efficacy of the vaccine is: Show Less