Comprehensive Topics – Final
Examination: Integrated Mastery
Heart coverings
Fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium, and pericardial cavity
surrounding the heart.
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue layer of the heart wall.
Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelial lining of heart chambers.
SA node
Pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.
AV node
Delays impulse before sending it to ventricles.
Bundle of His
Conducts electrical impulses from AV node into bundle branches.
Bundle branches
Pathways that send electrical impulse through interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
Conduct electrical impulse through ventricles for coordinated contraction.
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Dense CT barrier between atria and ventricles; prevents direct conduction.
Atrial systole
, Atria contract, ventricles relax; AV valves open, SL valves closed.
Ventricular systole
Ventures contract, atria relax; AV valves closed, SL valves open.
Diastole
Both chambers relaxed; AV valves open, SL valves closed.
Pulmonary circuit
Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart.
Systemic circuit
Carries oxygenated blood to body and returns deoxygenated blood to heart.
Tunica intima
Innermost blood vessel layer; endothelium with connective tissue.
Tunica media
Middle blood vessel layer; smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and dilation.
Tunica externa
Outermost vessel layer; connective tissue with vasa vasorum.
Elastic arteries
Largest arteries with high elastin content for recoil.
Muscular arteries
Medium arteries with thick smooth muscle for blood flow regulation.
Arterioles
Smallest arteries controlling capillary blood flow.
Continuous capillary
Capillary with tight junctions and complete basement membrane.
Fenestrated capillary
Capillary with pores for rapid exchange.
Sinusoidal capillary
Capillary with large openings and incomplete basement membrane.
Venules
Small veins that drain capillaries.
Examination: Integrated Mastery
Heart coverings
Fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium, and pericardial cavity
surrounding the heart.
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue layer of the heart wall.
Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelial lining of heart chambers.
SA node
Pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.
AV node
Delays impulse before sending it to ventricles.
Bundle of His
Conducts electrical impulses from AV node into bundle branches.
Bundle branches
Pathways that send electrical impulse through interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
Conduct electrical impulse through ventricles for coordinated contraction.
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Dense CT barrier between atria and ventricles; prevents direct conduction.
Atrial systole
, Atria contract, ventricles relax; AV valves open, SL valves closed.
Ventricular systole
Ventures contract, atria relax; AV valves closed, SL valves open.
Diastole
Both chambers relaxed; AV valves open, SL valves closed.
Pulmonary circuit
Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart.
Systemic circuit
Carries oxygenated blood to body and returns deoxygenated blood to heart.
Tunica intima
Innermost blood vessel layer; endothelium with connective tissue.
Tunica media
Middle blood vessel layer; smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and dilation.
Tunica externa
Outermost vessel layer; connective tissue with vasa vasorum.
Elastic arteries
Largest arteries with high elastin content for recoil.
Muscular arteries
Medium arteries with thick smooth muscle for blood flow regulation.
Arterioles
Smallest arteries controlling capillary blood flow.
Continuous capillary
Capillary with tight junctions and complete basement membrane.
Fenestrated capillary
Capillary with pores for rapid exchange.
Sinusoidal capillary
Capillary with large openings and incomplete basement membrane.
Venules
Small veins that drain capillaries.
