Test Bank for Essentiale Cell Biology 5th Edition By Alberts Hopkin, Johnson Morgan

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TEST BANK FOR ESSENTIALECELL BIOLOGY, 5TH
FIFTH EDITION by ALBERTS, HOPKIN,JOHNSON,
MORGAN,RAFF,ROBERT& WALTER




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CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
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Unity and Diversity of Cells
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1-1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that ther
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e are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it re
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mains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be describ
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ed as the smallest living unit?
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(a) DNA (b) cell E


(c) organelle
(d) protein

1-2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
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Efalse.
A. The Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia.
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B. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. C.
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The branchlike extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a
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mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers. E E E E E E E




1-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the li
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st below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
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Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial
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cells such as Lactobacillus, which is a few
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in length, to larger cells such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter of abo E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


ut one E E


. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degree E E E E E E E E E E E E


in their chemistry. For example, the same 20
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are used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is E E E E E E E E E E E E


Estored in their E E


. Although E E


contain the same types of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce t E E E E E E E E E E E E


hemselves by their own efforts means that they are not considered living matter.
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amino acids E micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) plant E yeast
fatty acids E s
Emeter plasma membranes E




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1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a
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high degree of specialization be detrimental?
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1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions t
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hat result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino ac
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ids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented
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here.
(a) replication, transcription, translation E E


(b) replication, translation, transcription E E


(c) translation, transcription, replication E E


(d) translation, replication, transcription E E




1-6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helpi
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ng to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the
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environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the s
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ame 20 E E


. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can E E E E E E E E E


Emake protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and
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therefore different functions. E E


(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids. E


(d) fatty acids. E




1-7 Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
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(a) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for s
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urvival than their parents. E E E


(b) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
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(c) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
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(d) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fi
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t for survival as their parents are.
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1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring t
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hat are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and sel
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ection over the course of many generations is the basis of
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(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.

1-9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “Evolution is a p
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rocess E .”
(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
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(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
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(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells.
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(d) that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
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1-10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: “A cell’s genome
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.”
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
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(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA. E E E E E


(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment. E E E E E E


(d) is altered during embryonic development.
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Cells Under the Microscope
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1-11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during t
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he mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
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(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living o
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rganisms.
(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously f
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rom the remnants of ruptured cells.
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(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities
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between plant and animal tissues. E E E E


(d) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
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1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal c
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ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers

1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description p
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rovided below. There is one best match for each.
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A. confocal
B. transmission electron E


C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron E


F. bright-field

uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the di
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fferent refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the cel
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l.
employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in o
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rder to reveal cellular details.
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E E requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength ran
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ge that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that
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pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sampl
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e.
E E scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-
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dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of
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