StraighterLine Microbiology Final Exam
– Complete Study Guide (2025)
Koch
Who developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular
microorganism and a particular disease?
Jenner
Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
Tyndall
Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form
of bacteria that are called endospores?
Evidence supporting RNA as primary role in evolution of life
- Some RNA molecules are catalytic
- RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation during protein synthesis
- ATP (energy currency of cell) is a ribonucleotide
- RNA can regulate gene expression
False
True or False: Fungi is a protist
Protein
What does RNA convert information stored in DNA into?
Woese
Who began the ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria
and the Archaea?
Eukaryotes (Fungi)
A nonmotile organism composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells that is not-
photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients is likely classified among ________________.
Fluorescence Microscope
, A microscope that exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet or blue light and forms an image with the
light emitted as a different wavelength
Safranin
The counterstain in the gram-stain
Purple; colorless
After the decolorizer has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-
negative organisms are stained __________.
Decreases
As the magnification of a series of objective lenses increases, the working distance ____________.
Mycolic Acids
Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain lipids constructed from what in their
cell walls?
Food and water
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is particularly important in public health because in this
application, microbiologists seek to identify microbial pathogens in __________.
Rickettsia
According to genome analysis, a member of the genus _____________ is most closely related to the
mitochondrion.
"Gold Standard" Taxonomic Methods
- DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH)
- Melting temperature of the DNA (a reflection of the G + C content)
- Average nucleotide identity
Anagenesis
Small, random genetic changes that occur over generations
Reasons why some scientists believe the term "prokaryote" is an artificial designation and should be
discarded
- Some bacteria have internal membrane structures
- Some bacteria have their genetic material enclosed within a membrane
- Many bacteria have cytoskeletal elements
Bacterial plasmids......
- Can replicate independently of the chromosome
- May carry genes for drug resistance
- May carry genes that enhance survival of the bacterium under certain conditions
– Complete Study Guide (2025)
Koch
Who developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular
microorganism and a particular disease?
Jenner
Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
Tyndall
Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form
of bacteria that are called endospores?
Evidence supporting RNA as primary role in evolution of life
- Some RNA molecules are catalytic
- RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation during protein synthesis
- ATP (energy currency of cell) is a ribonucleotide
- RNA can regulate gene expression
False
True or False: Fungi is a protist
Protein
What does RNA convert information stored in DNA into?
Woese
Who began the ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria
and the Archaea?
Eukaryotes (Fungi)
A nonmotile organism composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells that is not-
photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients is likely classified among ________________.
Fluorescence Microscope
, A microscope that exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet or blue light and forms an image with the
light emitted as a different wavelength
Safranin
The counterstain in the gram-stain
Purple; colorless
After the decolorizer has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-
negative organisms are stained __________.
Decreases
As the magnification of a series of objective lenses increases, the working distance ____________.
Mycolic Acids
Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain lipids constructed from what in their
cell walls?
Food and water
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is particularly important in public health because in this
application, microbiologists seek to identify microbial pathogens in __________.
Rickettsia
According to genome analysis, a member of the genus _____________ is most closely related to the
mitochondrion.
"Gold Standard" Taxonomic Methods
- DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH)
- Melting temperature of the DNA (a reflection of the G + C content)
- Average nucleotide identity
Anagenesis
Small, random genetic changes that occur over generations
Reasons why some scientists believe the term "prokaryote" is an artificial designation and should be
discarded
- Some bacteria have internal membrane structures
- Some bacteria have their genetic material enclosed within a membrane
- Many bacteria have cytoskeletal elements
Bacterial plasmids......
- Can replicate independently of the chromosome
- May carry genes for drug resistance
- May carry genes that enhance survival of the bacterium under certain conditions
