Opioids, Analgesics, Muscle Relaxants, Migraine & Drugs of Abuse – Nursing Pharmacology

OPIOIDS, ANALGESICS, MUSCLE
RELAXANTS, DRUGS FOR MIGRAINE
AND DRUGS OF ABUSE
DR. MASIKA
2025

, OPIOID ANALGESICS AND ANTAGONISTS
Agonists
 Strong Agonists
– Phenanthrenes
• Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone
– Phenylheptylamines
• Methadone
• Levomethadyl acetate
– Phenylpiperidines
• Meperidine
• Fentanyl Group
– Fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, carfentanil
– Morphinans: -- Levorphanol

,Mild/Moderate Agonists
– Codeine, oxycodone , dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone
– Propoxyphene, dextromethorphan,
– Diphenoxylate, loperamide, difenoxin
 Mixed Agonist-Antagonists & Partial Agonists
– Nalbuphine, buprenorphine , butorphanol, pentazocine, dezocine
 Miscellaneous
– Tramadol
Pure antagonists
– Naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene

, Opioid analgesics and antagonists
 Pain
– unpleasant sensation that alerts an individual to tissue damage
caused by chemical, mechanical thermal or other stimuli
 Analgesics
– drugs used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness e.g.
NSAIDs
– Non- opioid /opioid
• Non- opioid - peripheral tissues to ↓ pain formed by nocicepetive
stimuli
• Opioid – act in spinal cord & brain to inhibit neurotransmission of pain