-
Biological Classification
H
EUGLENOIDS SLIME MOULDS
Dawn of civilisation —>many attempts to classify living organism KINGDOM MONERA -saprophytic protists
Structure is very simple, but complex Majority: freshwater, stagnant
Aristotle : Bacteria
in behaviour -No cell wall, but protein rich pellicle:
-Body moves along decaying twigs
-Cosmopolitans in nature “ most extensive metabolic diversity” and leaves engulfing organic material
Earliest to attempt more scientific basis for classification make body flexible
-sole members, most abundant microorganisms - Short Aggregate
L - -Occurs almost everywhere Autotrophic Heterotrophic -2 flagella Long
-Pigments identical to higher plants
Suitable condition——> plasmodium
Grows and spreads all several feets
m
- Can live in extreme habitats Vast majority
Presence/absence of RBC Used simple morphological characters Differentiate
Hot Springs ,snow and deep ocean , deserts Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic -Photosynthetic(in sunlight) Unfavourable condition——> fruiting bodies bearing spores
Animals Plant -Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites Use light Use inorganic -heterotroph/predicting(absence of sunlight) - Dispersed by air currents at tips
Extremely resistant
- substance
True walls
Enaima Anaema Trees PROTOZOANS --
(Absent RBC)
Herbs Shrubs ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA Survive many years under adverse condition
Live in most harsh habitat such as extreme: All protozoan: heterotrophic and live as predator or parasite
LINNEAUS -Thousands of true bacteria
1. Salt areas(halophiles) Primitive relatives of animals
Two kingdom system of classification -Characterised by:
2.Hot springs(thermoacidophiles) Amoeboid Flagellated Ciliated Sporozoans
Presence of rigid wall and if motile a flagellum
Used gross morphological characters 3.Marshy areas ( methanogens)L - fresh water
Have infectious spore
Seawater Free living or parasitic - Aquatic
Due to different cell structure like stage in their life
L
& Moist soil -have flagella -Actively moving due
Plantae Animalia -Move and capture their prey by -Cause disease such as to 1000s of cilia cycle
Cyanobacteria Chemosynthetic autotrophs Heterotrophic bacteria sleeping sickness -Has cavity( Gullet) Most notorious :
pseudopodia(false feet)
-Blue Green Algae -Oxidise inorganic substances, -Most abundant Open to outside of cell
Did not distinguish between: -Have chlorophyll a
-Many form have silica on their Eg. Trypanosoma Plasmodium causing
such as nitrate, nitrites, and -Majority are important decomposers surface surface malaria
-Prokaryotes and eukaryote (Similar to green plant)
ammonia, use the released -Impact on human affair Eg. Paramoecium
-Eg. Amoeba
-Unicellular and multicellular -Photosynthetic autotroph
energy for their ATP production Making curd antibiotic production Entamoeba: parasite
-Unicellular, colonial, Filamentous
-Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic -Freshwater/Marine or terrestrial algae -Play a great role in regulating fixing N2 in legume roots
-pathogens, causing damage to
• Large number of organism did not fall into
-Colonies surrounded by gelatinous sheath nutrients like N P S Fe
-Often forms bloom in polluted water bodies human beings, rocks, farm, KINGDOM FUNGI
either category(plant or animal) -Can fix atmospheric N2 in heterocyst Bacteria animals, and pets: cholera , typhoid,
tetanus, citrus canker -Unique kingdom of heterotrophic organism -Cosmopolitan: air water, soil animals, plants
• Besides gross morphological characters, a Reproduce Unfavourable Sexual -Cell wall: chitin and polysaccharide Grow in warm and humid place
Mainly by Condition Reproduction Mycoplasma:
need was felt to include -Unicellular fungi: yeast - white spot on mustard leaves: fungus(parasitic)
Fission -Completely lack cell wall
Spores Primitive method of
-Smallest living cell -Antibiotic source: penicillium -Other, causes disease:Wheat rust causing Puccinia
DNA transfer from
Cell structure Nature of wall Evolutionary relationship one bacteria to other -Can survive without oxygen -Great diversity in morphology and habitat
-Pathogenic to plants and animals Fungi are filamentous ( except yeast)-Body consist of long cylinder, thread like structure called hypha
Mode of nutrition Method of reproduction Habitat Network of hyphae: Mycelium
Classification systems for living organisms have KINGDOM PROTISTA -some hyphae- continuous tubes filled with multinucleate cytoplasm: Coenocytic hyphae
-saprophytes: absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrate
Reproduction( vegetative means)
undergone several changes over the time -They reproduce both sexually as well as asexually -all unicellular eukaryotes -Symbionts: with algae as lichens -v
Fragmentation Fission Budding
-boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined -Nucleus and well membrane bound organelles present -Mycorrhiza: with roots of higher plants
RH Whittaker(1969) : 5 kingdom classification -primary aquatic -Some have flagella or Cilia
-
-This kingdom forms link with other plants, animals, fungi -Protists reproduce Sexually- cell fusion and zygotic formation Asexual reproduction- by spores: Conidia, Sporangiospore, Zoospore
( zygotic meiosis)
Body organisation Mode of nutrition Reproduction Diatoms
Sexual reproduction: Oospores, Ascospores, Basidiospores
CHRYSOPHYTA DINOFLAGELLATES Sexual reproduction: 3 steps
&
Phylogenic relation Self structure Chief producers in oceans -
Desmids Plasmogamy Meiosis
(golden algae) -Mostly marine, and
Six kingdom classification Fusion of protoplasm Karyogamy (in zygote)
-Found in freshwater & marine environment photosynthetic
-Microscopic -Appear yellow, green, brown, between two motile or Fusion of two nuclei Haploid spores
3 domain system
-Float passively in water currents (plankton) blue, or red, depending on main non-motil gametes
Monera Protista Fungi Animalia
-Most of them are photosynthetic pigments in cell
It has brought together, -Cell walls : 2 thin overlapping shells, fit as -cell wall has stiff cellulosic plates Fungus 2 haploid hyphae of compatible meeting type fuse
chlamydomonas and chlorella Plantae
soap box on outer surface reproduce
-
min
with Intervening
Longitudinal
- 2 flagella Transverse Immediate fusion
paramoecium and amoeba -Walls embedded with silica , indestructible sexually (n+n) :two nuclei per cell
-Left behind large amount of cellwall deposits -Red dinoflagellates( Gonyaulax)
- in their habitat( accumulate over billion years) Red tide (rapid multiplication) Diploid cell -
Archaebacteria Eubacteria L
(2n) DIKARYOTIC stage ( Dikaryon phase)
Diatomaceous earth -Toxins released by such large
Gritty: used in polishing, filtration of oil and number, kill other marine animal
syrup like fishes V
-
Later parental nuclei fuse and form diploid cell
Reduction division occurs in fungi: fruiting bodies, haploid spores
Biological Classification
H
EUGLENOIDS SLIME MOULDS
Dawn of civilisation —>many attempts to classify living organism KINGDOM MONERA -saprophytic protists
Structure is very simple, but complex Majority: freshwater, stagnant
Aristotle : Bacteria
in behaviour -No cell wall, but protein rich pellicle:
-Body moves along decaying twigs
-Cosmopolitans in nature “ most extensive metabolic diversity” and leaves engulfing organic material
Earliest to attempt more scientific basis for classification make body flexible
-sole members, most abundant microorganisms - Short Aggregate
L - -Occurs almost everywhere Autotrophic Heterotrophic -2 flagella Long
-Pigments identical to higher plants
Suitable condition——> plasmodium
Grows and spreads all several feets
m
- Can live in extreme habitats Vast majority
Presence/absence of RBC Used simple morphological characters Differentiate
Hot Springs ,snow and deep ocean , deserts Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic -Photosynthetic(in sunlight) Unfavourable condition——> fruiting bodies bearing spores
Animals Plant -Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites Use light Use inorganic -heterotroph/predicting(absence of sunlight) - Dispersed by air currents at tips
Extremely resistant
- substance
True walls
Enaima Anaema Trees PROTOZOANS --
(Absent RBC)
Herbs Shrubs ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA Survive many years under adverse condition
Live in most harsh habitat such as extreme: All protozoan: heterotrophic and live as predator or parasite
LINNEAUS -Thousands of true bacteria
1. Salt areas(halophiles) Primitive relatives of animals
Two kingdom system of classification -Characterised by:
2.Hot springs(thermoacidophiles) Amoeboid Flagellated Ciliated Sporozoans
Presence of rigid wall and if motile a flagellum
Used gross morphological characters 3.Marshy areas ( methanogens)L - fresh water
Have infectious spore
Seawater Free living or parasitic - Aquatic
Due to different cell structure like stage in their life
L
& Moist soil -have flagella -Actively moving due
Plantae Animalia -Move and capture their prey by -Cause disease such as to 1000s of cilia cycle
Cyanobacteria Chemosynthetic autotrophs Heterotrophic bacteria sleeping sickness -Has cavity( Gullet) Most notorious :
pseudopodia(false feet)
-Blue Green Algae -Oxidise inorganic substances, -Most abundant Open to outside of cell
Did not distinguish between: -Have chlorophyll a
-Many form have silica on their Eg. Trypanosoma Plasmodium causing
such as nitrate, nitrites, and -Majority are important decomposers surface surface malaria
-Prokaryotes and eukaryote (Similar to green plant)
ammonia, use the released -Impact on human affair Eg. Paramoecium
-Eg. Amoeba
-Unicellular and multicellular -Photosynthetic autotroph
energy for their ATP production Making curd antibiotic production Entamoeba: parasite
-Unicellular, colonial, Filamentous
-Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic -Freshwater/Marine or terrestrial algae -Play a great role in regulating fixing N2 in legume roots
-pathogens, causing damage to
• Large number of organism did not fall into
-Colonies surrounded by gelatinous sheath nutrients like N P S Fe
-Often forms bloom in polluted water bodies human beings, rocks, farm, KINGDOM FUNGI
either category(plant or animal) -Can fix atmospheric N2 in heterocyst Bacteria animals, and pets: cholera , typhoid,
tetanus, citrus canker -Unique kingdom of heterotrophic organism -Cosmopolitan: air water, soil animals, plants
• Besides gross morphological characters, a Reproduce Unfavourable Sexual -Cell wall: chitin and polysaccharide Grow in warm and humid place
Mainly by Condition Reproduction Mycoplasma:
need was felt to include -Unicellular fungi: yeast - white spot on mustard leaves: fungus(parasitic)
Fission -Completely lack cell wall
Spores Primitive method of
-Smallest living cell -Antibiotic source: penicillium -Other, causes disease:Wheat rust causing Puccinia
DNA transfer from
Cell structure Nature of wall Evolutionary relationship one bacteria to other -Can survive without oxygen -Great diversity in morphology and habitat
-Pathogenic to plants and animals Fungi are filamentous ( except yeast)-Body consist of long cylinder, thread like structure called hypha
Mode of nutrition Method of reproduction Habitat Network of hyphae: Mycelium
Classification systems for living organisms have KINGDOM PROTISTA -some hyphae- continuous tubes filled with multinucleate cytoplasm: Coenocytic hyphae
-saprophytes: absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrate
Reproduction( vegetative means)
undergone several changes over the time -They reproduce both sexually as well as asexually -all unicellular eukaryotes -Symbionts: with algae as lichens -v
Fragmentation Fission Budding
-boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined -Nucleus and well membrane bound organelles present -Mycorrhiza: with roots of higher plants
RH Whittaker(1969) : 5 kingdom classification -primary aquatic -Some have flagella or Cilia
-
-This kingdom forms link with other plants, animals, fungi -Protists reproduce Sexually- cell fusion and zygotic formation Asexual reproduction- by spores: Conidia, Sporangiospore, Zoospore
( zygotic meiosis)
Body organisation Mode of nutrition Reproduction Diatoms
Sexual reproduction: Oospores, Ascospores, Basidiospores
CHRYSOPHYTA DINOFLAGELLATES Sexual reproduction: 3 steps
&
Phylogenic relation Self structure Chief producers in oceans -
Desmids Plasmogamy Meiosis
(golden algae) -Mostly marine, and
Six kingdom classification Fusion of protoplasm Karyogamy (in zygote)
-Found in freshwater & marine environment photosynthetic
-Microscopic -Appear yellow, green, brown, between two motile or Fusion of two nuclei Haploid spores
3 domain system
-Float passively in water currents (plankton) blue, or red, depending on main non-motil gametes
Monera Protista Fungi Animalia
-Most of them are photosynthetic pigments in cell
It has brought together, -Cell walls : 2 thin overlapping shells, fit as -cell wall has stiff cellulosic plates Fungus 2 haploid hyphae of compatible meeting type fuse
chlamydomonas and chlorella Plantae
soap box on outer surface reproduce
-
min
with Intervening
Longitudinal
- 2 flagella Transverse Immediate fusion
paramoecium and amoeba -Walls embedded with silica , indestructible sexually (n+n) :two nuclei per cell
-Left behind large amount of cellwall deposits -Red dinoflagellates( Gonyaulax)
- in their habitat( accumulate over billion years) Red tide (rapid multiplication) Diploid cell -
Archaebacteria Eubacteria L
(2n) DIKARYOTIC stage ( Dikaryon phase)
Diatomaceous earth -Toxins released by such large
Gritty: used in polishing, filtration of oil and number, kill other marine animal
syrup like fishes V
-
Later parental nuclei fuse and form diploid cell
Reduction division occurs in fungi: fruiting bodies, haploid spores
