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Basis of classification
ANIMAL KINGDOM Ctenophora Annelida (Annular little ring)
1. Arrangement of cells
Porifera
• Members: sponges • common name: sea Walnuts/ comb jellies • Habitat: aquatic( marine, and freshwater)
2. Body symmetry
• Habitat: generally, marine • Habitat: exclusively marine Terrestrial , free living, sometimes parasitic
3. Nature of coelom
• Symmetry: mostly asymmetric • Symmetry: radial • level of organisation: organ system level
4. Patterns of reproduction, circulatory, digestive system
• Primitive multi-celled animals • Level of organisation: tissue level of • Symmetry: bilateral
• Level of organisation: cellular organisation • Embryonic layers: triploblastic
Level of organisation: body bears 8 external rows of ciliated comb plates :
all members of animalia - multicellular • Have water transport/ Canal system • Circulatory system: closed
Water ————> Ostia————> Spongocoel————> Ooculum help in locomotion • Metamerism
1. Cellular level
• pathway of water: • digestion: extra and intracellular • Coelomates
Loose cell aggregates some division of labour(activities) occurs among the cells
1. Food gathering BIOLUMINESCENCE (The property of organism • Body: body surface distinctly marked out into segments/ metameres
I.e . Sponges ( porifera)
2.Respiratory exchange to emit light) • possess longitudinal and circular muscle, which help in locomotion
2. Tissue level.
3. Removal of waste • Hermophrodite • Aquatic annelids ( Neireis) : possess lateral appendages parapodia
Arrangement of cells is more complex , Cell performing same functioning
Eg . Coelenterata, Ctenophora • spongocoel: lined by choanocytes/ collar cells also the Canal line by the • Reproduction: only sexual (help in swimming)
3. Organ level collar cell • Fertilisation: external • Nephrida : Osmoregulation, excretion
Each organ is specialised for a particular function • Digestion: intracellular • Development: indirect • Nervous system: paired ganglia connected by lateral nerve to double
Eg. Platyhelminthes & other higher phyla • Skeleton of spicules / spongin fibres: supports the body eg. Pleurobrachia , Ctenoplana ventral nerve cord
4. Organ system level • Sex: hermophrodite • reproduction: sexual
Organs associated —> functional system —> each system —> specific physiological function
• reproduction Platyhelminthes Nereis - dioecious
Eg. Annelids ——> Chordates Earthworm( Pheretima) and leeches (Hirudinaria): monoecious
-asexually: fragmentation
Digestive system Circulatory system • Body: dorsoventrally flattened
-sexually : formation of gametes
• Habitat : mostly endoparasite
Blind sac Tube within tube Open type Close type • fertilisation: internal Arthropoda
-Only a single opening to the -Blood pumped -blood circulated • Symmetry: bilateral
-2 opening: mouth & • Development: indirect( larval stage which is morphologicalyl distinct from adult)
outside of body anus out of heart & through a series of • Embryology layer: triploblastic Characterised by presence of joint appendages
-Serves as both : mouth and anus -Complete digestive cells and tissues vessels of varying • eg : Sycon - Scypha
directly bathe in
• Coelom: Acoelomate Largest phylum(includes insects)
-incomplete digestive system system diameter(artery, Spongilla - freshwater sponge
Eg . Platyhelminthes, Eg. Aschelminthes ——> it vein , capillaries • Level of organ: organ level + organ system level Over 2/ 3 rd of named species on earth are arthropods
coelenterates, Ctenophora Euspongia - bath sponge
Chordates hooks and suckers : on parasitic forms
Some of them absorb food directly through the body surface
1. Asymmetric : Sponges
Symmetry
Cnidaria • Flame cell : osmoregulation , excretion
• Level of organisation: organ system level
• Symmetry: bilateral
2. Radial: Colenterates, Cnidaria , adult erchin • Hermaphrodite
• Habitat: aquatic(mostly marine) • embryonic layer: triploblastic
-Any plane passing through Central axis divides organism into • Fertilisation: internal
• Locomotion: sessile or free living • Body: segmented(Head, thorax, abdomen)
identical house • Development: indirect
3. Bilateral: Arthropods, Annelids, Platyhelminthes • Symmetry: radial • Coelom : Coelomates
Ex. Planaria (high regeneration capacity)
-body divided to identical left and right house in only one plane Cnidoblast / Cnidocytes : contain the stinging capsule called • Excretion : Malphigian tubules
nematocysts • Body covered by Chitinous exo skeleton
Diploblastic / Triploblastic organisation • function of Cnidoblasts : Anchorage, defence, capture of prey
Aschelminthes ( roundworm) • Sex: dioecious
3 embryonic layer • Level of organisation: tissue level • Joint appendages
2 embryonic layer
Ectoderm • Embryonic layers: diploblastic Pseudo-Coelomates & include parasitic as well as non-parasitic roundworms • Fertilisation: internal
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
(External) (Internal) • Central cavity: gastrovascular cavity • circular • Respiratory organs:
Endoderm
Coelenterates Platyhelminthes (with single opening) mouth on the hypostome • Habitat: free living, aquatic, terrestrial , parasitic in plants and a. Gill- prawns and crab.
Ctenophora Chordates • Digestion: extra cellular and intracellular b. Book gills - limulus
animals
An undifferentiated layer: Mesoglea present between ectoderm & endoderm Corals: skeleton of CaCO3 • Level of organisation: organ system level c. Book lungs- scorpion, spider
• symmetry: bilateral d. Tracheal system
Coelom Cnidarian’s body form • Embryonic layer : triploblastic • development: direct indirect both
— Present or absence of a cavity between body wall and gut wall is a very • Coelom : Pseudocoelomate • Circulatory system: open
important classification Polyp • Digestive system: complete (with muscular pharynx well developed) • Sensory organs: Antennae
Medusa
-Body cavity—> line by mesoderm —> coelom • sessile • An excretory tube removes body waste from the body cavity through • Mostly oviparous organisms
• free swimming
# Coelomates: Animals possessing coelom ( Annelids to Chordates) • Cylindrical excretory bore • Statocyst: balancing organ
• umbrella shaped
# Pseudocoelomates : body cavity is not lined by mesoderm , mesoderm is eg . Hydra, Adamsia • sexes: separate
Aurelia / jellyfish
scattered in pouch between ectoderm & endoderm ( Aschelminthes) Often female or longer than male
#Acoelomates: coelom/ body cavity absent ( Platyhelminthes) Examples: Economically important insects -
• Those Cnidarians which exist in both forms, exhibit alternation of • Fertilisation: internal
Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer(Lac insect)
generation( Metagenesis) • Development : direct or indirect
Vectors - Anopheles, Culex and Aedes(Mosquitoes)
Polpy ————> Medusa example: Ascaris - roundworm
Gregarious pest - Locusta (Locust)
Wucheria: filarial worm
Medusa ————> polyp Living fossil - Limulus (King crab).
Ancyclostoma : hookworm
Segmentation Notochord Example:
Mesodermally derived rod like structure on
Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
Metamerism : Body is
externally and internally dorsal side during embryonic development Adamsia ( sea anemone)
divided into segments with a Pennatula( sea pen)
serial repetition of at least Chordates Non-chordates
Gorgonia( sea fan
some organs -has notochord No notochord
Earthworms Porifera to Echinoderms Meandrina (brain coral)
Basis of classification
ANIMAL KINGDOM Ctenophora Annelida (Annular little ring)
1. Arrangement of cells
Porifera
• Members: sponges • common name: sea Walnuts/ comb jellies • Habitat: aquatic( marine, and freshwater)
2. Body symmetry
• Habitat: generally, marine • Habitat: exclusively marine Terrestrial , free living, sometimes parasitic
3. Nature of coelom
• Symmetry: mostly asymmetric • Symmetry: radial • level of organisation: organ system level
4. Patterns of reproduction, circulatory, digestive system
• Primitive multi-celled animals • Level of organisation: tissue level of • Symmetry: bilateral
• Level of organisation: cellular organisation • Embryonic layers: triploblastic
Level of organisation: body bears 8 external rows of ciliated comb plates :
all members of animalia - multicellular • Have water transport/ Canal system • Circulatory system: closed
Water ————> Ostia————> Spongocoel————> Ooculum help in locomotion • Metamerism
1. Cellular level
• pathway of water: • digestion: extra and intracellular • Coelomates
Loose cell aggregates some division of labour(activities) occurs among the cells
1. Food gathering BIOLUMINESCENCE (The property of organism • Body: body surface distinctly marked out into segments/ metameres
I.e . Sponges ( porifera)
2.Respiratory exchange to emit light) • possess longitudinal and circular muscle, which help in locomotion
2. Tissue level.
3. Removal of waste • Hermophrodite • Aquatic annelids ( Neireis) : possess lateral appendages parapodia
Arrangement of cells is more complex , Cell performing same functioning
Eg . Coelenterata, Ctenophora • spongocoel: lined by choanocytes/ collar cells also the Canal line by the • Reproduction: only sexual (help in swimming)
3. Organ level collar cell • Fertilisation: external • Nephrida : Osmoregulation, excretion
Each organ is specialised for a particular function • Digestion: intracellular • Development: indirect • Nervous system: paired ganglia connected by lateral nerve to double
Eg. Platyhelminthes & other higher phyla • Skeleton of spicules / spongin fibres: supports the body eg. Pleurobrachia , Ctenoplana ventral nerve cord
4. Organ system level • Sex: hermophrodite • reproduction: sexual
Organs associated —> functional system —> each system —> specific physiological function
• reproduction Platyhelminthes Nereis - dioecious
Eg. Annelids ——> Chordates Earthworm( Pheretima) and leeches (Hirudinaria): monoecious
-asexually: fragmentation
Digestive system Circulatory system • Body: dorsoventrally flattened
-sexually : formation of gametes
• Habitat : mostly endoparasite
Blind sac Tube within tube Open type Close type • fertilisation: internal Arthropoda
-Only a single opening to the -Blood pumped -blood circulated • Symmetry: bilateral
-2 opening: mouth & • Development: indirect( larval stage which is morphologicalyl distinct from adult)
outside of body anus out of heart & through a series of • Embryology layer: triploblastic Characterised by presence of joint appendages
-Serves as both : mouth and anus -Complete digestive cells and tissues vessels of varying • eg : Sycon - Scypha
directly bathe in
• Coelom: Acoelomate Largest phylum(includes insects)
-incomplete digestive system system diameter(artery, Spongilla - freshwater sponge
Eg . Platyhelminthes, Eg. Aschelminthes ——> it vein , capillaries • Level of organ: organ level + organ system level Over 2/ 3 rd of named species on earth are arthropods
coelenterates, Ctenophora Euspongia - bath sponge
Chordates hooks and suckers : on parasitic forms
Some of them absorb food directly through the body surface
1. Asymmetric : Sponges
Symmetry
Cnidaria • Flame cell : osmoregulation , excretion
• Level of organisation: organ system level
• Symmetry: bilateral
2. Radial: Colenterates, Cnidaria , adult erchin • Hermaphrodite
• Habitat: aquatic(mostly marine) • embryonic layer: triploblastic
-Any plane passing through Central axis divides organism into • Fertilisation: internal
• Locomotion: sessile or free living • Body: segmented(Head, thorax, abdomen)
identical house • Development: indirect
3. Bilateral: Arthropods, Annelids, Platyhelminthes • Symmetry: radial • Coelom : Coelomates
Ex. Planaria (high regeneration capacity)
-body divided to identical left and right house in only one plane Cnidoblast / Cnidocytes : contain the stinging capsule called • Excretion : Malphigian tubules
nematocysts • Body covered by Chitinous exo skeleton
Diploblastic / Triploblastic organisation • function of Cnidoblasts : Anchorage, defence, capture of prey
Aschelminthes ( roundworm) • Sex: dioecious
3 embryonic layer • Level of organisation: tissue level • Joint appendages
2 embryonic layer
Ectoderm • Embryonic layers: diploblastic Pseudo-Coelomates & include parasitic as well as non-parasitic roundworms • Fertilisation: internal
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
(External) (Internal) • Central cavity: gastrovascular cavity • circular • Respiratory organs:
Endoderm
Coelenterates Platyhelminthes (with single opening) mouth on the hypostome • Habitat: free living, aquatic, terrestrial , parasitic in plants and a. Gill- prawns and crab.
Ctenophora Chordates • Digestion: extra cellular and intracellular b. Book gills - limulus
animals
An undifferentiated layer: Mesoglea present between ectoderm & endoderm Corals: skeleton of CaCO3 • Level of organisation: organ system level c. Book lungs- scorpion, spider
• symmetry: bilateral d. Tracheal system
Coelom Cnidarian’s body form • Embryonic layer : triploblastic • development: direct indirect both
— Present or absence of a cavity between body wall and gut wall is a very • Coelom : Pseudocoelomate • Circulatory system: open
important classification Polyp • Digestive system: complete (with muscular pharynx well developed) • Sensory organs: Antennae
Medusa
-Body cavity—> line by mesoderm —> coelom • sessile • An excretory tube removes body waste from the body cavity through • Mostly oviparous organisms
• free swimming
# Coelomates: Animals possessing coelom ( Annelids to Chordates) • Cylindrical excretory bore • Statocyst: balancing organ
• umbrella shaped
# Pseudocoelomates : body cavity is not lined by mesoderm , mesoderm is eg . Hydra, Adamsia • sexes: separate
Aurelia / jellyfish
scattered in pouch between ectoderm & endoderm ( Aschelminthes) Often female or longer than male
#Acoelomates: coelom/ body cavity absent ( Platyhelminthes) Examples: Economically important insects -
• Those Cnidarians which exist in both forms, exhibit alternation of • Fertilisation: internal
Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer(Lac insect)
generation( Metagenesis) • Development : direct or indirect
Vectors - Anopheles, Culex and Aedes(Mosquitoes)
Polpy ————> Medusa example: Ascaris - roundworm
Gregarious pest - Locusta (Locust)
Wucheria: filarial worm
Medusa ————> polyp Living fossil - Limulus (King crab).
Ancyclostoma : hookworm
Segmentation Notochord Example:
Mesodermally derived rod like structure on
Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
Metamerism : Body is
externally and internally dorsal side during embryonic development Adamsia ( sea anemone)
divided into segments with a Pennatula( sea pen)
serial repetition of at least Chordates Non-chordates
Gorgonia( sea fan
some organs -has notochord No notochord
Earthworms Porifera to Echinoderms Meandrina (brain coral)
