AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
INTRODUCTION :
Industrialization ka naam sunte hi humaare dimaag mei aate hain factories , machines,
robots ! Par inn sab ki shuruaat kaha se hui thi? Development kaise aur kab hua ? inn
sawaalo ke jawab hume yeh chapter dega !
Dawn of the century :
• This picture was published by .E.T. PAULL. in
1900
• We can see a goddess like figure and she is
the angel of progress she has a flag of
progress.
• Behind her - sign of progress which are
railway, camera, machines, printing press
and factory.
Two magicians :
• The picture had appeared on trade
magazine a hundred years ago and shows
two magicians!
• At the top it is Aladdin from the orient (The
countries to the east of the Mediterranean,
usually referring to Asia.) he built a
beautiful place with the help of magic
lamp-->> shows east and the past .
• The modern mechanic : with the help of
tools builds bridges , ships , towers
etc -->> shows west and modernity.
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :
Industrialization ka naam sunte hi hume fatories yaad aate hain ! But this is a wrong
conception , factories start hone se pehle hi industrialization start ho chuka tha !
Large scale production before coming up of the factories for international market .
This phase was called as proto - industrialization ( proto- indicating the first or early
form of something)
In the 17th and 18th century -->> the merchants moved to country side -->>supplied
money to peasants and gave them advances-->> which made the peasants to produce for
international market and then the merchants sold it !
BUT WHY DID THEY MOVE TO COUNTRY SIDE ??
The merchants couldn’t expand their trade in towns because of the trade
guilds and urban crafts !
TRADE GUILDS: association which maintained monopoly over trade.
Control over production
Trained craftsmen
Regulated prices and competition
Restricted new people into trade
And these rights were given to them by the rulers
New Section 13 Page 1
,WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PEASENTS AND ARTISANS ?
They began working for merchants -->>as it was the time for enclosure movement
( class 9th ka chapter jisme open fields were disappearing and all commons were enclosed)
Peasants and cottagers depended on-->>common lands for survival
(firewood , berries etc.) but now they dint have any option but to look for alternative source
of income also the people who owned tiny plots of land couldn’t earn well from that!
Hence they eagerly agrees to the merchants!
They could remain in the countryside and continue cultivating in their small plots as
well
Income from proto industrialization + shrinking income from cultivation= fuller use of
family labor resources !
Close relationship between towns and country side :
Merchants were based in towns but most of the work was done in
country side !
e.g. a merchant clothier in England :
-->> purchased wool from wool stapler(person who sorts wool
according to its fiber)
-->>carried to spinners
-->>then to weavers When you decide to learn
-->>fullers( a person who gathers the cloth by pleating ) history finally !
-->> to dyers
Finishing was done in London ,before the merchant sold it in the
international market! Because of which London came to be known
as the finishing center.
COMING UP OF THE FACTORY:
Earliest factories came up in 1730s ! But the number of factories multiplied in the
18th century.
First symbol of new era : cotton !
Production boomed in the late 19 century .
In 1760: Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton
By 1787: 22 million pounds of cotton was imported , this was because of series of
invention that took place !
What did the series of inventions do?
Increased efficacy of carding , twisting ,
Increased the output per worker spinning and rolling (trick: CTSR) each step
Stronger threads and yarns
Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill
-->>all the processes were bought under one roof
Production from country side to -->>allowed careful supervision over production
towns as mills were set up process, quality
everywhere ! -->> regulation of labor.
Early 19th century , factories increased in number+ became important part of
English landscape -->> but under the dazzling impact of the new mills , people
forgot about the bylanes ( small workshops where production still continued , aur
iska impact kya tha who hum aage dekhenge !)
New Section 13 Page 2
, THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE :
1. Most dynamic industries were cotton and steel industries ! In the first phase of
industrialization cotton was leading sector but, then iron and steel industry took over
because of : Expansion of railways
2. The new industries could not easily displace the traditional industries: in the end of 19th
century less than 20 % of the workforce was employed in advanced industrial sectors.
Rest were employed in traditional industries like textile industry in domestic units !
3. The growth of traditional industries was not stagnant they developed too : small
innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food
processing , building, pottery, glass works etc.
4. Technological changes spread slowly : why?
• New technology was expensive.
• Machines broke down and repair was costly.
• Not effective as owners and manufacturers claimed.
• Steam engine : originally produced by Newcomen --> improved and patented by James
Watt in 1781-->new model was manufactured by his friend Mathew Boulton -->for years he
had no buyers ! This is an example to show case that new technology was excepted
slowly !
HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER:
What was the importance of hand labour?
1. In Britain there was no shortage of hand labour
• Poor peasants moved to the cities in large When you try understanding what is
numbers in search of jobs ! And they were ready to written in the textbook but it's way
work at low wages also too complicated you be like :
Amount of wage ∝ 1
Number of workers
• Machines required large capital investments which is why they did not want to introduce
machines !
2. Demand for labor was seasonal: in seasonal industries hand labors were prefer
red , where the workers were employed for a season !
• Cold months : gas works and breweries were busy hence needed more workers !
• Christmas months book binders , printers , catering needed extra hands before
December
• Winters : ship used to be repaired and spruced up ! Hence needed labors for that too.
3. Some products could any be produced using hand ! Like the goods with intricate
(specific and precise ) designs and specific shapes .
• E.g. In Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These
required human skill, not mechanical technology .
• Machines were only used to produce uniforms and standardized goods for mass
market .
4. The upper class- aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand !
Because of which products made by hand came to symbolize class and standard .as
they were :
• Carefully designed Case of America: labor shortage was there ,
• Produced individually hence to minimize need of labor they used
• Better finished mechanized labor
New Section 13 Page 3
INTRODUCTION :
Industrialization ka naam sunte hi humaare dimaag mei aate hain factories , machines,
robots ! Par inn sab ki shuruaat kaha se hui thi? Development kaise aur kab hua ? inn
sawaalo ke jawab hume yeh chapter dega !
Dawn of the century :
• This picture was published by .E.T. PAULL. in
1900
• We can see a goddess like figure and she is
the angel of progress she has a flag of
progress.
• Behind her - sign of progress which are
railway, camera, machines, printing press
and factory.
Two magicians :
• The picture had appeared on trade
magazine a hundred years ago and shows
two magicians!
• At the top it is Aladdin from the orient (The
countries to the east of the Mediterranean,
usually referring to Asia.) he built a
beautiful place with the help of magic
lamp-->> shows east and the past .
• The modern mechanic : with the help of
tools builds bridges , ships , towers
etc -->> shows west and modernity.
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :
Industrialization ka naam sunte hi hume fatories yaad aate hain ! But this is a wrong
conception , factories start hone se pehle hi industrialization start ho chuka tha !
Large scale production before coming up of the factories for international market .
This phase was called as proto - industrialization ( proto- indicating the first or early
form of something)
In the 17th and 18th century -->> the merchants moved to country side -->>supplied
money to peasants and gave them advances-->> which made the peasants to produce for
international market and then the merchants sold it !
BUT WHY DID THEY MOVE TO COUNTRY SIDE ??
The merchants couldn’t expand their trade in towns because of the trade
guilds and urban crafts !
TRADE GUILDS: association which maintained monopoly over trade.
Control over production
Trained craftsmen
Regulated prices and competition
Restricted new people into trade
And these rights were given to them by the rulers
New Section 13 Page 1
,WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PEASENTS AND ARTISANS ?
They began working for merchants -->>as it was the time for enclosure movement
( class 9th ka chapter jisme open fields were disappearing and all commons were enclosed)
Peasants and cottagers depended on-->>common lands for survival
(firewood , berries etc.) but now they dint have any option but to look for alternative source
of income also the people who owned tiny plots of land couldn’t earn well from that!
Hence they eagerly agrees to the merchants!
They could remain in the countryside and continue cultivating in their small plots as
well
Income from proto industrialization + shrinking income from cultivation= fuller use of
family labor resources !
Close relationship between towns and country side :
Merchants were based in towns but most of the work was done in
country side !
e.g. a merchant clothier in England :
-->> purchased wool from wool stapler(person who sorts wool
according to its fiber)
-->>carried to spinners
-->>then to weavers When you decide to learn
-->>fullers( a person who gathers the cloth by pleating ) history finally !
-->> to dyers
Finishing was done in London ,before the merchant sold it in the
international market! Because of which London came to be known
as the finishing center.
COMING UP OF THE FACTORY:
Earliest factories came up in 1730s ! But the number of factories multiplied in the
18th century.
First symbol of new era : cotton !
Production boomed in the late 19 century .
In 1760: Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton
By 1787: 22 million pounds of cotton was imported , this was because of series of
invention that took place !
What did the series of inventions do?
Increased efficacy of carding , twisting ,
Increased the output per worker spinning and rolling (trick: CTSR) each step
Stronger threads and yarns
Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill
-->>all the processes were bought under one roof
Production from country side to -->>allowed careful supervision over production
towns as mills were set up process, quality
everywhere ! -->> regulation of labor.
Early 19th century , factories increased in number+ became important part of
English landscape -->> but under the dazzling impact of the new mills , people
forgot about the bylanes ( small workshops where production still continued , aur
iska impact kya tha who hum aage dekhenge !)
New Section 13 Page 2
, THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE :
1. Most dynamic industries were cotton and steel industries ! In the first phase of
industrialization cotton was leading sector but, then iron and steel industry took over
because of : Expansion of railways
2. The new industries could not easily displace the traditional industries: in the end of 19th
century less than 20 % of the workforce was employed in advanced industrial sectors.
Rest were employed in traditional industries like textile industry in domestic units !
3. The growth of traditional industries was not stagnant they developed too : small
innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food
processing , building, pottery, glass works etc.
4. Technological changes spread slowly : why?
• New technology was expensive.
• Machines broke down and repair was costly.
• Not effective as owners and manufacturers claimed.
• Steam engine : originally produced by Newcomen --> improved and patented by James
Watt in 1781-->new model was manufactured by his friend Mathew Boulton -->for years he
had no buyers ! This is an example to show case that new technology was excepted
slowly !
HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER:
What was the importance of hand labour?
1. In Britain there was no shortage of hand labour
• Poor peasants moved to the cities in large When you try understanding what is
numbers in search of jobs ! And they were ready to written in the textbook but it's way
work at low wages also too complicated you be like :
Amount of wage ∝ 1
Number of workers
• Machines required large capital investments which is why they did not want to introduce
machines !
2. Demand for labor was seasonal: in seasonal industries hand labors were prefer
red , where the workers were employed for a season !
• Cold months : gas works and breweries were busy hence needed more workers !
• Christmas months book binders , printers , catering needed extra hands before
December
• Winters : ship used to be repaired and spruced up ! Hence needed labors for that too.
3. Some products could any be produced using hand ! Like the goods with intricate
(specific and precise ) designs and specific shapes .
• E.g. In Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These
required human skill, not mechanical technology .
• Machines were only used to produce uniforms and standardized goods for mass
market .
4. The upper class- aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand !
Because of which products made by hand came to symbolize class and standard .as
they were :
• Carefully designed Case of America: labor shortage was there ,
• Produced individually hence to minimize need of labor they used
• Better finished mechanized labor
New Section 13 Page 3
