HEART FAILURE – EXAM ORIENTED
MBBS NOTES
1. Definition
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet
the metabolic requirements of the body, or can do so only at increased filling pressures.
2. Classification
Based on Ejection Fraction:
● HFrEF: EF < 40%
● HFmrEF: EF 41–49%
● HFpEF: EF ≥ 50%
Based on side involved:
● Left-sided heart failure
● Right-sided heart failure
● Biventricular failure
3. Etiology (Causes)
, ● Ischemic heart disease (most common)
● Hypertension
● Valvular heart disease
● Cardiomyopathies
● Arrhythmias
● Congenital heart disease
● Myocarditis
4. Pathophysiology
● ↓ Cardiac output
● Activation of SNS & RAAS
● Sodium and water retention
● ↑ Preload and afterload
● Ventricular remodeling
● Progressive myocardial dysfunction
5. Clinical Features
Symptoms
● Dyspnea on exertion
MBBS NOTES
1. Definition
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet
the metabolic requirements of the body, or can do so only at increased filling pressures.
2. Classification
Based on Ejection Fraction:
● HFrEF: EF < 40%
● HFmrEF: EF 41–49%
● HFpEF: EF ≥ 50%
Based on side involved:
● Left-sided heart failure
● Right-sided heart failure
● Biventricular failure
3. Etiology (Causes)
, ● Ischemic heart disease (most common)
● Hypertension
● Valvular heart disease
● Cardiomyopathies
● Arrhythmias
● Congenital heart disease
● Myocarditis
4. Pathophysiology
● ↓ Cardiac output
● Activation of SNS & RAAS
● Sodium and water retention
● ↑ Preload and afterload
● Ventricular remodeling
● Progressive myocardial dysfunction
5. Clinical Features
Symptoms
● Dyspnea on exertion
