NSG 533 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1 - Module One Questions And
Answers
/. Pathophysiology - Answer-✅the study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
/.etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes - Answer-
✅What are the five components of disease?
/.epidemiology - Answer-✅risk factors and distribution in populations
/.etiology - Answer-✅causative mechanisms
/.pathogenesis - Answer-✅disease mechanisms
/.clinical manifestations - Answer-✅signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
/.outcomes - Answer-✅cure, remission, chronicity, or death
/.etiology - Answer-✅The "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be
complex or straight forward
/.idiopathic - Answer-✅also called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
/.iatrogenic - Answer-✅occurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g.
yeast infection after getting antibiotics)
/.epidemiology - Answer-✅this looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
/.incidence - Answer-✅the number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
/.prevalence - Answer-✅involves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
, /.pathogenesis - Answer-✅involves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
/.clinical manifestations - Answer-✅it is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
/.primary prevention - Answer-✅directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
/.Secondary and tertiary prevention - Answer-✅(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
/.at the cellular or sub-cellular level - Answer-✅Where does all disease begin?
/.lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - Answer-✅What are the two types of
cell injury?
/.ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - Answer-✅What are the
four categories of stressors that cause disease?
/.by their mechanisms of action - Answer-✅How are the four categories of stressors
that cause disease differentiated?
/.ATP depletion - Answer-✅Which of the stressors causes the most disease?
/.impaired energy function involving hypoxia - Answer-✅What do most of the ATP
depletion cases involve?
/.the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities
of that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and
function. - Answer-✅What is ATP depletion?
/.Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - Answer-✅What is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
/.Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - Answer-✅What is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
Exam 1 - Module One Questions And
Answers
/. Pathophysiology - Answer-✅the study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
/.etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes - Answer-
✅What are the five components of disease?
/.epidemiology - Answer-✅risk factors and distribution in populations
/.etiology - Answer-✅causative mechanisms
/.pathogenesis - Answer-✅disease mechanisms
/.clinical manifestations - Answer-✅signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
/.outcomes - Answer-✅cure, remission, chronicity, or death
/.etiology - Answer-✅The "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be
complex or straight forward
/.idiopathic - Answer-✅also called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
/.iatrogenic - Answer-✅occurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g.
yeast infection after getting antibiotics)
/.epidemiology - Answer-✅this looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
/.incidence - Answer-✅the number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
/.prevalence - Answer-✅involves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
, /.pathogenesis - Answer-✅involves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
/.clinical manifestations - Answer-✅it is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
/.primary prevention - Answer-✅directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
/.Secondary and tertiary prevention - Answer-✅(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
/.at the cellular or sub-cellular level - Answer-✅Where does all disease begin?
/.lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - Answer-✅What are the two types of
cell injury?
/.ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - Answer-✅What are the
four categories of stressors that cause disease?
/.by their mechanisms of action - Answer-✅How are the four categories of stressors
that cause disease differentiated?
/.ATP depletion - Answer-✅Which of the stressors causes the most disease?
/.impaired energy function involving hypoxia - Answer-✅What do most of the ATP
depletion cases involve?
/.the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities
of that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and
function. - Answer-✅What is ATP depletion?
/.Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - Answer-✅What is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
/.Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - Answer-✅What is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
