Advanced Theorv in
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
for JEE&
All other Competitive Examinations
VOLUME-1
Basic to Advanced Level
by:
M.S. Chauhan
Director
Vibrant Academy, Kota
SHRI BALAJI PUBLICATIONS
(EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS!
AN ISO 9001-2008 CERTIFIED ORGANIZATION
Muzaffarnagar-251001 (U.P.)
, Introduction 1-5
-- Representation of Organic Compounds 6-14
-- Degree of Carbon, Hydrogen, Alcohol and Amine 15-22
-- Functional Groups 23-38
-- Double Bond Equivalent 39-44
-- Classification of Organic Compounds 45-46
Nomenclature of Alkanes 47-65
-- Nomenclature of Alkenes & Alkynes 66-74
Nomenclature of alcohol, Ether, Aldehyde and Ketone 75-86
Nomenclature of Carboxylic acid, Ester Cyanide, Amide, Amine and 87-106
Anhydride
11. Nomenclature of Polyfunctional Groups 107-127
12. Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 128-140
13. Inductive Effect 141-145
14. Resonance 146-189
15. Mesomeric Effect 190-192
16. Hyperconjugation 193-204
17. Application of Resonance, Hyperconjugation and Inductive Effect 205-212
18. Bond Energy and Bond Length 213-217
19. Heat of Hydrogenation, Heat of Combustion 218-223
20. Aromaticity 224-263
,21. Acidic and Basic Strength 264-309
22. Isomerism 310-319
23. Tautomerism 320-338
24. Conformers 339-360
25. Geometrical Isomerism 361-378
26. Optical Isomerism
27. Basic Organic Chemistry
28. Alkane 496-507
29. Alkene 508-531
30. Alkyne
31. Benzene
Glossary
Summary
, Introduction 1
CHAPTER
1
Introduction
WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
What is organic chemistry, and why should you study it (other then scoring good marks in exams)J The answers to these
questions are all around you. Every living organism is made of organic chemicals. The proteins that make up your hair,
skin, and muscles; the DNA that controls your genetic heritage; the foods that nourish you; and the medicines that heal
you are all organic chemicals. Anyone with a curiosity about life and living things, and anyone who wants to be a part of
the remarkable advances now occurring in medicine and the biological sciences, must first understand organic
chemistry.
Organic chemistry, then, is the study of carbon compounds.
But why is carbon special? Why, of the more than 50 million presently known chemical compounds, do most of them
contain carbon?
From the simple methane, with one carbon atom, to the staggeringly complex DNA, which can have more than 100
million carbons.
At the time of writing there were about 16.5 million organic compounds known. How many more are possible? There is no
limit. Imagine you’ve just made the longest hydrocarbon ever made—you just have to add another carbon atom and
you’ve made another.
The Wohler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cynate into urea. This chemical reaction was discovered in 1828 by
Friedrich Wohler in an attempt to synthesize ammonium cyanate.
Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea in a nucleophilic
addition followed by tautomeric isomerization :
The Wohler synthesis is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from
inorganic reactants. This finding went against the mainstream theory of that time called vitalism which stated that organic
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
for JEE&
All other Competitive Examinations
VOLUME-1
Basic to Advanced Level
by:
M.S. Chauhan
Director
Vibrant Academy, Kota
SHRI BALAJI PUBLICATIONS
(EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS!
AN ISO 9001-2008 CERTIFIED ORGANIZATION
Muzaffarnagar-251001 (U.P.)
, Introduction 1-5
-- Representation of Organic Compounds 6-14
-- Degree of Carbon, Hydrogen, Alcohol and Amine 15-22
-- Functional Groups 23-38
-- Double Bond Equivalent 39-44
-- Classification of Organic Compounds 45-46
Nomenclature of Alkanes 47-65
-- Nomenclature of Alkenes & Alkynes 66-74
Nomenclature of alcohol, Ether, Aldehyde and Ketone 75-86
Nomenclature of Carboxylic acid, Ester Cyanide, Amide, Amine and 87-106
Anhydride
11. Nomenclature of Polyfunctional Groups 107-127
12. Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 128-140
13. Inductive Effect 141-145
14. Resonance 146-189
15. Mesomeric Effect 190-192
16. Hyperconjugation 193-204
17. Application of Resonance, Hyperconjugation and Inductive Effect 205-212
18. Bond Energy and Bond Length 213-217
19. Heat of Hydrogenation, Heat of Combustion 218-223
20. Aromaticity 224-263
,21. Acidic and Basic Strength 264-309
22. Isomerism 310-319
23. Tautomerism 320-338
24. Conformers 339-360
25. Geometrical Isomerism 361-378
26. Optical Isomerism
27. Basic Organic Chemistry
28. Alkane 496-507
29. Alkene 508-531
30. Alkyne
31. Benzene
Glossary
Summary
, Introduction 1
CHAPTER
1
Introduction
WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
What is organic chemistry, and why should you study it (other then scoring good marks in exams)J The answers to these
questions are all around you. Every living organism is made of organic chemicals. The proteins that make up your hair,
skin, and muscles; the DNA that controls your genetic heritage; the foods that nourish you; and the medicines that heal
you are all organic chemicals. Anyone with a curiosity about life and living things, and anyone who wants to be a part of
the remarkable advances now occurring in medicine and the biological sciences, must first understand organic
chemistry.
Organic chemistry, then, is the study of carbon compounds.
But why is carbon special? Why, of the more than 50 million presently known chemical compounds, do most of them
contain carbon?
From the simple methane, with one carbon atom, to the staggeringly complex DNA, which can have more than 100
million carbons.
At the time of writing there were about 16.5 million organic compounds known. How many more are possible? There is no
limit. Imagine you’ve just made the longest hydrocarbon ever made—you just have to add another carbon atom and
you’ve made another.
The Wohler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cynate into urea. This chemical reaction was discovered in 1828 by
Friedrich Wohler in an attempt to synthesize ammonium cyanate.
Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea in a nucleophilic
addition followed by tautomeric isomerization :
The Wohler synthesis is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from
inorganic reactants. This finding went against the mainstream theory of that time called vitalism which stated that organic
