BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Questions And Answers | Guaranteed Success

BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Questions And Answers | Guaranteed Success /. A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - Answer-phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base /.What nitrogenous bases are purines - Answer-Adenine and Guanine /.What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - Answer-cytosine, thymine, uracil /.How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - Answer-purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed /.What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Answer-DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C /.Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - Answer-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group /.What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - Answer-Phosphodiester bonds /.What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - Answer-1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits 2.) Must be capable of replication 3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation 4.) Must be able to express information /.Where are chromosomes located? - Answer-cell's nucleus /.what is a centrosome? - Answer-location in the cell that contains centrioles /.What are centrioles? - Answer-microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell /.How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - Answer-2 centrioles/1 centrosome /.How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically have? - Answer-2 copies /.what are homologous chromosomes? - Answer-copies of the same type of DNA /.What are non-homologous chromosomes? - Answer-copies of different chromosomes with different DNA /.What is mitosis? - Answer-cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates /.What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - Answer-interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis /.What happens during mitosis interphase? - Answer-mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus 1 centrosome 2 centrioles /.What happens during interphase s-phase? - Answer-Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still uncondensed) /.What happens during mitosis prophase? - Answer-centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers nuclear membrane breaks down chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers /.What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - Answer-centrioles have reached polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore /.What happens during mitosis metaphase - Answer-all chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate /.What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - Answer-mitotic spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n) /.What happens during mitosis telophase? - Answer-nuclear envelope reforms plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point /.What happens during cytokinesis? - Answer-cells split off; genetic material becomes uncondensed /.What happens during Meiosis? - Answer-Division of one diploid cell to yield 4 haploid cells that are completely different /.What happens during Meiosis 1? - Answer-1. Homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads. 2. Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at chiasmata. 3. Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly. Each cell contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids becomes 2 haploid) /.What happens during Meiosis 2? - Answer-1. Independent segregation of sister chromatids. 2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells. /.What are the three theories of DNA Replication? - Answer-semi-conservative(parent strands split and are used as templates for new DNA + it binds to the new DNA), conservative(parents split to make new strands and then rejoin with each other), dispersive(old and new DNA strands randomly join together /.What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment suggest was the correct theory of DNA Replication? - Answer-semi-conservative /.Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment - Answer-1. Bacteria were grown in a medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many generations. 2. Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light isotope 14N. Samples were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of DNA replication. 3. Centrifugation formed a pellet. Heavier DNA (bases made from 15N) settled closer to bottom of tube. /.What are the 8 ingredients needed for DNA replication? - Answer-Template DNA, Single-Strand Binding and Initiator Proteins, Helicase, Gyrase, nucelotide precursor, Primase and Primer, DNA Polymerase I, II, III, and DNA Ligase /.What end of a DNA strand are new base pairs added? - Answer-3'; bases added at the 3' end /.What are the three stages of DNA Replication? - Answer-1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination /.What happens during the initiation stage of DNA replication in prokaryotes? - Answer-initiator proteins are added, helicase attaches to the strand, helicase unwinds DNA