Summary PSYC 2314, PSYCHOLOGY exam 3 study guide.

PSYC Sept 6th 2016 Prof. Carter Chapter 2 Conception of birth –visualized youtube video 1:57-5:57 Cancelled extra credit E-campus assignments tab is what’s required not Launchpad 20/25 repres ents a B 22.5 represents an A 96% of dna is the same in all of us with key diff within 4%, 60% of dna shared with possums. Largest protein molecule in the human body is DNA –blueprint Chromosomes – molecules of dna, 46 - arranged in 23 pairs Genes within the pairs of chromosomes (Many many many) 2 Gamete sperm and ovum 23 + 23 = 46 Zygote Gamete (reproductive cells (sperm and ova) How proteins are made Cell- Nucleus – 23 pairs of chromosome – raveled dna molecules - Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine Triplet vatiations • Occur because of 3 billion pairs of chemicals organized into triplets • Copy number vatiations include small variations, mutations, or repetitions in base pairs not always found in other versions of the same gene • Dna Rna surrounding the gene enhance transcribe, connect, silence, regulate, and alter genes through methylation. Gene Variation and Similarities Genotype Sum total, genetic inheritance , unique for each organism Phenotype The observable characteristics of an organism including appearance personality and intelligence as they manifest EX: Two brown eyes can make blue eyes Overall • Many genes are identical for every human Allele • Vatiation of a gene or any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur • Effects of variations vary greatly from causing life threatening conditions to having no detectable effect at all. Uncertain Sex Ambiguous Genitals – analysis 23rd pair to determine if XY or XX The Karyotpes shown here- X linked disorders comparing two X cover recessive traits such as colorblindness versus XY there’s no second X to cover the recessive trait on the X The Human Genome Genetic Diversity • Distinguishes each person • Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of environment (climate change illnesses) Genome Twins o Involves the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species o Two people 95% ▪ Chimpanzees 98 • Flat worms or mammals 90% o 20k to 23k genes in humans, exact number is unknown ▪ 23rd pair determines sex XX FEMALE or XY MALES 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes Sex of offspring is determined by fathers Y Sperm XYY chromosome type rarity – population of individuals in prison, tendacy towards aggression Monozygotic (identical) one zygotes that splits apart very early in development o Incomplete split results in conjoined twins o Same genotype but slight vatiation in phenotype are possible ue to environmental influences Dizygotic (fraternal); occurs twice as often Two different sperm, ova and zygote Genetic Interactions Almost every trait is: Polygenic (affected by many genes) Multifactorial (influenced by many factors) Regulator genes o Direct the interactions of other genes, controlling their genetic expression, duplication, and transcription o Are responsible for differences between species Additive genes • Add something to some aspect of the phenotype • Add up to make the phenotype (GMO is an example) Dominant-Recessive Heredity • Dominant Gene is far more influential than a recessive gene (non-additive) • Can complete control the phenotype with no noticeable effect of recessive gene • Effect of recessive genes can sometimes be noticed (small variations of eye color represents this) Carrier Person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype -unexpressed gene occurs in half of the carriers gametes and is passed on to half of the carrier’s offspring -offsping can be carrier oexpress the gene in the phenotype (wen un expressed gene is … parents 3 Main Periods of Prenatal Development 1. Germinal Period –zygote First 14 Days Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception. • Development of the placenta • Implantation (about 10 days after conception) • Estimated 60% of all zygotes do not grow or implant properly and thus do not survice the germinal period 2. Embryonic Period –Embryo 3rd week to 8th week - 1/8 inch to 7 weeks is an inch Primitive streak, neaural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS Head takes shap Heart and pulse Webbed fingers and toes seperate About 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously early miscarriage (may not even know) 3. Fetal Period - Fetus 9th week until birth o 3 months of age weighs 3 ounches o Greatest brain growth during 4th, 5th, 6th month o Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in fetal brain organization ▪ About 5% of all fetuses are aborted spontaneously. Before viability at 22 weeks or are still born, more common in poor nations o AGE of Viability ▪ About 22 weeks of conception, preterm new born may survive outside the mothers uterus if medical care is available Birth Fetal Brain signals the reslease of hormones to trigger the females uterine muslces o Labor Begins ▪ Average duration for first born babies : 12 hours ▪ Quicker labor for later-born babies o Apgar Scale ▪ Quick assessment of newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes ▪ Completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth) ▪ Score of 0,1, or 2 in each category ▪ Desired score is 7 above Medical Intervention Infant mortality has decreased due to better medical care Childbirth has become safer for mothers Excessive medical care also has disadvantages Cesarean Section Surgical Birth Fetus can be removed quickly Usually safe for mother and baby, saving both Too many C-sections or Too Few Rates of Cesarean vary widely from nation to nation Traditional and Modern Birthing Practices Home Birth –mother will feel more comfortable, but lack medical care if you may need it Hospital Births (obvious), plus hospital born illnesses (mimized with antispetics) Doula – midwife, individual who aids in the delivery of the baby The New Family: The Newborn Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes Reflex An unlearned, involuntary action or movement in respons to a stimulus, a reflex occurs without conscious thought The New Family: Mothers Postpartum depression • May woman experience significant physical problems after birth • Psychological symptoms range from “baby blues” to postpartum psychosis • May involve struggles with adequate baby care • Varied causes – major shifts in hormones will affect your behaviors and moods Fathers Helping mother stay healthy * * Problems and Solutions Chromosomal miscounts • About once in every 200 births an infant is born with 45, or even 48 or 49 chromosome – produces syndrome • 1 in every 500 infants is born with only ones sex chromosome Gene Disorders • Inherited gene is dominant or when both parents carry the recessive gene • Most dominant disorders begin in adulthood (fatal dominant childhood conditions cannot be passed on) • Recessive disorders are more common Huntingtons Disease Cystic Fibrosis Thalassemia Sickle-cell disease Fragile X Teratogens Any agent or condition, including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complication (tobacco or alcohol) Behavioral Teratogens Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning Critical Period (CONT ON THURSDAY) Sept 8 2016 Assignment posted college “How to be successful in college” go through assessment, finish it, then go back and click “how to be successful in college” and report about it. Print it and bring it to class Tuesday. Going to show you learning styles and skills and deficits. 10 Points same as discussion questions. Unit 1 Assignments Assignment Articles Links Library (login) or Article Journal Title confusion (has to have Journal somewhere in the title) 5 Things that take part in scientific method, if multiple authors refer to all last names of authors, Abstract is just part 1 of the unit assignment Unit 2 Assignments APA Critique T Be sure your capitalization, font and spacing matches the template! Running head can only be 50 characters, can only be one line, including the page number Second page input the same running head Content of paper, Title of paper (page 1 cover sheet), written with all significant words capitalized, but insignificant words are not Everything is written in past tense and the paper is double-spaced! El Centro College Abstract Five basic parts of the scientific method, what is it that these particular authors were curious about? The second part of the SM is to develop a question or a hypothesis! If a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand & instead of the word “and” The article told us about the foundation of emotional development. two things wrong with this. “Article & Us” do not use first person pronouns, or second person “you” “ Correct answer would “Julsrud, Jahromi, & Kasari, 2009 documented the foundation of emotional development” is a corrected rephrasing of the above red. The authors went on to… is another way to avoid over using the parenthetical citations. Abstract is 150 to 250 words! No More! At least half a page long. Abstract Author 1, Author 2, Author 3, (2009) investigated the emotional regulation among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The interaction between the children and their mothers was the primary focus of the investigation (Julsrud, Jahromi, & Kasari, 2009). As you write the paper take the red instructions out (LOL Duh :P ) Page two Title “The Emotional Regulation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder” Introduction (about ten sentences long) Why is this an important topic or subject? Summary Second section of the critique Longest portion of the paper at The only people you’re going to cite are the names of the authors of the article that you read. Critical Analysis Is your opportunity to give your opinion Very Last Page! References Will only be on Reference, the paper that you read  Last Name, Initial (Year Published). Title of the article **Sentence style capitalization** Name of the Journal in Italics, Volume Number (Issue #) (just numbers, do not write pages) , page #’s (just numbers, do not write pages), DOI # if applicable You can turn in the assignment EARLY and you can correct it many times, before due date! Harm to Fetus Teratogens Any agent or condition, including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complications Behavioral teratogens Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning Risk Analysis: The Critical Time Timing First Fays and weeks are critical for body formation How much is too much? Threshold Effect Certain teratogens are relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level Alcohol Ebryos exposed to mothers heavy drinking can devlop Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Innate Vulnerability Genetic Vulnerability • Some zygot carry fenes that make them vulnerable • Male fetuses are more vulberable to teratogens than female ones. • Neural Tube… Makking preduction and Reducing risks *general maternal health is protective *scrutinize more closely herbal medicine and over the counter drugs *learn about effects of psychoactive drugs and alchohol *internet is not always true  Before Pregnancy What prospective mothers should do 1. Plan 2. Take Multivitamin 3. Avoid Drinking 4. Update immunization 5. Reach Appropriate Weight 6. Reassess Prescription drug use 7. Develop exercise habits What prospective mothers really do… A View from Science Confliction advice for pregnant women: Where do YOU stand on these issues? * Effects of pesticides on food * Use of chlopyrifos for roach and ant eradication * Consumption of fish Prenatal Testing Alpha fetaproteim (false positive?) Preterm or Slow Growing Preterm Occurs at 35 or fewer weeks after conception Usually associated with low birthweight Small for gestational age (SG) Birth weight significantly lower than expected given the time since conception Low Birth weight Low LBW 5.5 pounds Very LOW birth weight VLBW 3 pounds, 5 ounces ELBW 2 pounds ish High risk infants and children *Developmental accomplishment is late Cry more, pay attention less, disobey more, and experience language and development outcome delays *Middle childhood, formerly SGA Children Have more neurological problems, smaller brain volume Risk analysis is odds not certainty Nature and Nurture: Alcoholism • Genes can cause an overpowering addictive pull in some people • Inherited psychological traits affect alcoholism • Biological sex (XX or XY and gender (cultural) also affect the risk of alcoholism • Environmental conditions can modify the genetic effects • Nature and nurture must combine to create an alcoholic September 13th 2016 Growth in Infancy Body Size Average weight : • birth 7 pounds • At 24 months 28 pounds Average Length • 20 inches • At 24 Months: 34 inches These numbers are norms or average measurements Averages and Individuals Eat and Sleep The rate of increasing weight in the first weeks of life makes it obvious why new babies need to be fed day and night Sleep Sleep specifics vary because of biology and the social environment New borns 15- 17 hours a day, in one to three hour segments Newborn sleep patterns • primarily active sleep • high proportion of REM (rapid eye movement) o Very important for development and health – neuronetwork of the brain resets and recovers, this is when we dream, not the same as deep sleep. Relatively shallow type of sleep Opposing Perspectives Where should babies Sleep? • US – middle class infant sleeps separated from parents; sleeping patterns are changing • Decision to co-sleep or bed-share linked to culture, age of infant, mother’s education level, depressive state, and fathers involvement o Asian, African, and Latin American infants co-sleep or bed-share o Asian and African mothers worry more about separation: European and North American mothers worry more about lack of privacy. Brain Development First two years brain weight grows dramatically! Head-sparing – is biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. * Brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition Brain Basics Neuron – One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system Types of Neurons 1. Sensory - Afferent 2. Motor – Efferent, movement 3. Interneurons – allows afferent and efferent cells to communicate between one another. EX: hot plate and hands, communicated quickly between sensory and motor to move hand without thinking; reflex? Axon – Fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impules from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons; sending portion of the neuron Dendrites – Fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons. Synapse – Intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons. Activates chemicals called neurotransmitters, only activated when Action Potential which allows release of neurotransmitters across the synapse to the other dendrites Cortex – Outer layers of the brain where most thinking, feeling, and sensing occurs • Grey matter Prefrontal Cortex – Are of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control Most advance portion of brain compared to animals • Computers can only process data that is inputted into them, no emotions, Imagination Connecting Two cell bodies of neurons grow axons and dendrites to each others neurons ^ This tangle is repeated thousands of times in every human brain – the most tangles formed is in the first two years of life. Throughout life, those fragile dendrites will grow or disappear as the person continues thinking. Brain Development Experience and pruning • Transient Exuberance – Early dendrite Growth • Specifics of brain structure and growth depends on genes and maturation, but even more on experience • Unused dendrites whither (through pruning) to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking (sculpting) o Experience- expectant – when we are waiting for something to occur, alert to something, attract our attention o Experience- dependent Face Lit Up; Brain too • EEG of brain activity • Such research has found that babies respond to language long before they speak • Experiences of all sorts connect neurons and grow dendrites • Similar to dog brains responding to language and the way we say words, high pitches, etc. Implications for Caregivers: Harm and Protection Infants need stimulation. • playing, allowing varied sensations and encouraging movement Infants need protection • Shaken baby syndrome is a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth. Very sensitive areas at this age. Permanent neurological damage  This motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections. Infants have an inborn drive to remedy deficits (self-righting). *If neglected through the age of two they may never develop normally Moving and Perceiving: The Senses Sensory development • Typically precedes intellectual and motor development Sensation • Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus Perception • Mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation • See people interpreting symbols in different ways, communicate by text or email it’s very easy to interpret something differently than what the sender intended • Non-Verbal communication, body cues, is very important for perception of sincerity, joking, insulting, etc. Writing can be very Boolean and you can loose the ability to interpret it Eye witness evidence in a crime is often very unreliable – brain fills in more information that may have not even been there. Vision – Heating - Smell - Taste - Touch – Kinesthetic, stretch sensory, many others.. Sigh. Perception follow sensation • infants brains are especially attuned to their own repeated social experiences and perfection occurs • Infant brain and auditory capacity to hear sounds in usual speech range • The parts of the cortex dedicated to the senses develop Moving and Perceiving: Hearing Sense of hearing • Develops during the last trimester of pregnancy • Most advanced of the newborn’s senses • Speech perception by four months after birth Seeing (Infant) Vision • Least mature sense at birth • Newborns focus between four and 30 inches away • Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details Tasting and Smelling Smell and Taste • Smell and taste function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world • Foods of culture may aid survival • Adaptation occurs for both of these senses. o Sweet preference –No naturally sweet tasting things that are poisonous o Fatty foods – humans have lived longer periods of time when there wasn’t enough of food, allows us to store food for later on. o Donuts are for Survival! :P  o Salt is needed for survival!  we die without it! Touch and pain Touch • sense of touch is acute in infants • Although all newborns respond to be securely held, soon they prefer specific touches. • Some touches may be experience-expectant for normal growth Pain • pain and temperature are often connected to touch • Some people assume that even the fetus can feel pain Reflexes necessary for Survival Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature Relfexes that manage feeding Sucking rooting spitting up Reflexes not necessary for survival Babinski, stepping, swimming, palmar grasping, moro Gross Motor Skills Every basic motor skill develops over the first two years of life Course of Development Head down Center Out Fine Motor Skills • physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers such as drawing and picking up a coin • Shaed by culture and opportunity • Grasping rattle, reaching to hold object, thumb and finger grasping, stacking two blocks, imitating vertical lines Senses and Skills Three interacting elements underlying motor skills • Muscle strength • Brain maturation • Practice The entire package of sensations and motor skills furthers three goals • Social interaction • Comfort and loving experience from others • Learning Surviving in Good Health Better days ahead 1950 to 2015 1 billion children died before age 5, out of 8 billion born. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Until mid 1990’s in north American and England Most death were sleeping position-related Back to Sleep program cut SID rate dramatically Low birth weights, exposure to cigarette smoke, soft blankets or pillows, bed- sharing, abnormalities in brain stem heart mitochondria Immunization • Primes the body’s immune system to resist a particular disease • Contributes to reduced mortality and population growth. • Successes o Smallpox o Polio o Measles Psych Sept 15th 2016 Piaget’s stages of development video Conservation – object retains certain properties even if you change the shape (does not lose it’s mass. Ex: Juice in tall glass vs short one – Rows of quarters, stretches out vs together. Egocentrism – can’t see something from someone else’s perspective New stage of development – child masters conservation Concrete thinking - not able to think creatively or abstractly (lost around 10 years) Reviewed -------- Sensory Development – happens very early in life – precedes intellectual dn motor development Sensation – Response of sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it tects a stimulus Perception – you don’t see with your eyes you see with your brain, when ever a brain interprets a signal, it alters it, Comparing to prior meaning, memories. Because it injects meaning, it injects biased into things!  Perception FOLLOWS Sensation – Infant brains pay attention to repeated social experiences Smell and taste develop VERY rapidly (Survival MECHANISM) Malnutrition • Protein- calorie malnutrition • Stunting – failure to grow due to a lack of food Is it genetic? Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, Middle East, North Africa • Wasting – achieve some level of growth then lose muscle tone and fat because your lose access nutrition Effects of Chronic Malnutrition Brain uses 20% of energy Will lose body fat, muscle bone before brain. The First Two Years: Body and Mind Assimilation – Type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with old ideas. Child sees a deer for first time, but calls it a horse only because Accommodation – Type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences. EX knows it’s a deer now.