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NURS 257: exam 3 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
What are the 3 lifestyle factors that are contributing the most to longer
life? Ans: Diet, exercise, not smoking
Aging Theory Ans: explains the mechanisms behind loss of physical
resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical and
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mental changes that accompany aging
Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) Ans: cellular aging: normal
human cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before it cannot
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divide anymore and will breakdown by programmed cell death
(apoptosis and replicate senescence)
Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells? Ans:
No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic disease
Molecular Clock Theory Ans: DNA changes: each time a cell undergoes
mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome shorten slightly
and eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability of chromosomes to
replicate
Intrinsic Mutagenesis Ans: the process by which telomeres on the ends
of chromosomes shorten slightly
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging Ans: errors in the replication of cells
and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging
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Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory Ans: secondary to the buildup of
unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage to cells and
tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism
In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental oxidizing
agents cause harm to what structures in cells and tissues? Ans: Cell
membranes and cells
What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free
Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory? Ans: Antioxidants can be derived from
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a healthy diet or from phytochemicals which block the formation of free
radicals
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phytochemicals Ans: plant chemicals
What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging? Ans:
1) LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
LBM (lean body mass) Ans: sum of fat free tissues comprising bone,
muscle, and water
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Sarcopenia Ans: age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and
function
Proportion distortion Ans: refers to the growing proportion sizes people
call normal
as age increases, the number of calories required (decreases/increases)
Ans: Decreases
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Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults? Ans: No
What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults? Ans: 22-
28 g/day recommended
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What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults? Ans:
1-1.5 g/kg
What is the most common deficiency among older adults? Ans: Protein
Nitrogen balance Ans: the difference between intake and loss of
protein
What is the second most common deficiency among older adults? Ans:
dairy
What percent of total calories should be used by fats for older adults?
Ans: 20-35%
What is the DRI Water/Fluid Recommendation for older adults? Ans: 1
mL of fluid per calorie eaten or a minimum of 1500 mL of fluid/day
1
NURS 257: exam 3 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
What are the 3 lifestyle factors that are contributing the most to longer
life? Ans: Diet, exercise, not smoking
Aging Theory Ans: explains the mechanisms behind loss of physical
resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical and
© 2026 Assignment Expert
mental changes that accompany aging
Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) Ans: cellular aging: normal
human cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before it cannot
Guru01 - Stuvia
divide anymore and will breakdown by programmed cell death
(apoptosis and replicate senescence)
Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells? Ans:
No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic disease
Molecular Clock Theory Ans: DNA changes: each time a cell undergoes
mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome shorten slightly
and eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability of chromosomes to
replicate
Intrinsic Mutagenesis Ans: the process by which telomeres on the ends
of chromosomes shorten slightly
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging Ans: errors in the replication of cells
and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging
,For Expert help and assignment handling,
2
Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory Ans: secondary to the buildup of
unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage to cells and
tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism
In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental oxidizing
agents cause harm to what structures in cells and tissues? Ans: Cell
membranes and cells
What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free
Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory? Ans: Antioxidants can be derived from
© 2026 Assignment Expert
a healthy diet or from phytochemicals which block the formation of free
radicals
Guru01 - Stuvia
phytochemicals Ans: plant chemicals
What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging? Ans:
1) LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
LBM (lean body mass) Ans: sum of fat free tissues comprising bone,
muscle, and water
, For Expert help and assignment handling,
3
Sarcopenia Ans: age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and
function
Proportion distortion Ans: refers to the growing proportion sizes people
call normal
as age increases, the number of calories required (decreases/increases)
Ans: Decreases
© 2026 Assignment Expert
Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults? Ans: No
What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults? Ans: 22-
28 g/day recommended
Guru01 - Stuvia
What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults? Ans:
1-1.5 g/kg
What is the most common deficiency among older adults? Ans: Protein
Nitrogen balance Ans: the difference between intake and loss of
protein
What is the second most common deficiency among older adults? Ans:
dairy
What percent of total calories should be used by fats for older adults?
Ans: 20-35%
What is the DRI Water/Fluid Recommendation for older adults? Ans: 1
mL of fluid per calorie eaten or a minimum of 1500 mL of fluid/day
