Comprehensive Cardiovascular Exam Review and
Prep Guide With Key Concepts and Score-Boosting
Strategies
Cardiac Dilation
Increase in luminal volume due to overload.
Acute Volume Overload
Causes dilation, e.g., during exercise.
Chronic Volume Overload
Leads to hypertrophy, e.g., AV shunts.
Concentric Hypertrophy
Response to increased pressure (afterload). Thick walls, narrow lumen.
Eccentric Hypertrophy
Response to increased volume (preload). Enlarged lumen with thin walls.
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart failure causing systemic or pulmonary congestion.
Right Sided Heart Failure Sequalae
Congestion in systemic circulation, e.g., hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, ventral SQ edema.
Congested abdominal viscera- spleen, GI, kidney, Nutmeg liver.
Left Sided Heart Failure Sequalae
Congestion in pulmonary circulation, e.g., pulmonary edema/ congestion.
Defects that cause volume overload
Shunts- PDA/VSD/ASD. Valvular regurgitation/dysplasia.
Pulmonic and aortic stenosis.
Defects that cause pressure overload
, Defects that cause cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Opening between pulmonary artery and aorta. Left to Right shunting (Aorta to Pulmonary artery.)
Dogs
PDA is most common in what species
What are the results of a PDA.
RV concentric hypertrophy
LA dilation
LV dilation and eccentric hypertrophy
Left sided heart failure (Really left and right side heart failure.)
Pulmonic Stenosis location/results/species its common in.
Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract. Usually valvular. RV concentric hypertrophy and Pulmonary
trunk post stenotic dilation and jet lesion. Dogs.
Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing of the aortic outflow tract.
Nutmeg Liver
Congestion in liver due to heart failure.
Peritoneo-pericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia
Herniation involving peritoneal and pericardial cavities.
Ventricular Septal Defect
Opening between left and right ventricles. Left to Right shunt
High VSD
Defect in membranous part of septum.
Low VSD
Defect in muscular part of septum.
Cattle and Horses
VSD is common in what species
What's the results of VSD
RV and LV dilate and have eccentric hypertrophy. LA dilates.
Prep Guide With Key Concepts and Score-Boosting
Strategies
Cardiac Dilation
Increase in luminal volume due to overload.
Acute Volume Overload
Causes dilation, e.g., during exercise.
Chronic Volume Overload
Leads to hypertrophy, e.g., AV shunts.
Concentric Hypertrophy
Response to increased pressure (afterload). Thick walls, narrow lumen.
Eccentric Hypertrophy
Response to increased volume (preload). Enlarged lumen with thin walls.
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart failure causing systemic or pulmonary congestion.
Right Sided Heart Failure Sequalae
Congestion in systemic circulation, e.g., hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, ventral SQ edema.
Congested abdominal viscera- spleen, GI, kidney, Nutmeg liver.
Left Sided Heart Failure Sequalae
Congestion in pulmonary circulation, e.g., pulmonary edema/ congestion.
Defects that cause volume overload
Shunts- PDA/VSD/ASD. Valvular regurgitation/dysplasia.
Pulmonic and aortic stenosis.
Defects that cause pressure overload
, Defects that cause cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Opening between pulmonary artery and aorta. Left to Right shunting (Aorta to Pulmonary artery.)
Dogs
PDA is most common in what species
What are the results of a PDA.
RV concentric hypertrophy
LA dilation
LV dilation and eccentric hypertrophy
Left sided heart failure (Really left and right side heart failure.)
Pulmonic Stenosis location/results/species its common in.
Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract. Usually valvular. RV concentric hypertrophy and Pulmonary
trunk post stenotic dilation and jet lesion. Dogs.
Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing of the aortic outflow tract.
Nutmeg Liver
Congestion in liver due to heart failure.
Peritoneo-pericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia
Herniation involving peritoneal and pericardial cavities.
Ventricular Septal Defect
Opening between left and right ventricles. Left to Right shunt
High VSD
Defect in membranous part of septum.
Low VSD
Defect in muscular part of septum.
Cattle and Horses
VSD is common in what species
What's the results of VSD
RV and LV dilate and have eccentric hypertrophy. LA dilates.
