Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam – Review Questions and Answers

HOLES ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

atom - CORRECT ANSWER-smallest particle of an element that has properties of that element



molecules - CORRECT ANSWER-particle composed of two or more joined atoms



macromolecules - CORRECT ANSWER-formed when molecules combine in complex ways



cell - CORRECT ANSWER-basic unit of structure and function



tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-layers of cells or other structures that have common features



organelle - CORRECT ANSWER-composed of aggregates of macromolecules; such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Found in all cells of the human body.



organs - CORRECT ANSWER-complex structures with specialized functions



organ systems - CORRECT ANSWER-groups of organs that function closely together



organism - CORRECT ANSWER-living thing made of organ systems



part 1 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-an impulse travels down a motor neuron axon



part 2 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-the motor neuron terminal releases the
neurotransmitter ACh




Holes Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam review questions and answers

, part 3 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-ACh binds to ACh receptors on the muscle fiber
membrane



part 4 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-the sarcolemma is stimulated, an impulse travels over
the surface of the muscle fiber and deep into the fiber through the transverse tubules.



part 5 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-the impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and
calcium channels open



part 6 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into
the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules



part 7 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites
on actin where myosin heads can bind



part 8 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-actin and myosin link forming cross bridges



part 9 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-thin actin filaments are pulled toward the center of
the sacromere by pulling of the cross-bridges



part 10 of muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-the muscle fiber shortens as a contraction occurs



part 1 of muscle RELAXATION - CORRECT ANSWER-acetylcholinesterase decomposes ACh and the
muscle fiber is no longer stimulated



part 2 of muscle RELAXATION - CORRECT ANSWER-calcium ions are actively transported into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum



part 3 of muscle RELAXATION - CORRECT ANSWER-ATP breaks cross-bridge linkages between actin and
myosin filaments without breakdown of the ATP itself



part 4 of muscle RELAXATION - CORRECT ANSWER-breakdown of ATP "cocks" the myosin heads


Holes Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam review questions and answers