PSY 245 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Covariance - ANS When changes in one variable are associated with changes in another
variable
Temporal Precedence - ANS The cause must come before the effect in time
Internal Validity - ANS The extent to which a study can rule out alternative explanations for
its results
Independent Variable (IV) - ANS The variable manipulated by the researcher
Dependent Variable (DV) - ANS The variable measured by the researcher
Control Variable - ANS A variable held constant across conditions to prevent it from
influencing results
Experimental Variable - ANS Any variable that is manipulated, measured, or controlled in an
experiment
Frequency Claim - ANS Describes how common or frequent something is
Association Claim - ANS States that two measured variables are related
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Covariance - ANS When changes in one variable are associated with changes in another
variable
Temporal Precedence - ANS The cause must come before the effect in time
Internal Validity - ANS The extent to which a study can rule out alternative explanations for
its results
Independent Variable (IV) - ANS The variable manipulated by the researcher
Dependent Variable (DV) - ANS The variable measured by the researcher
Control Variable - ANS A variable held constant across conditions to prevent it from
influencing results
Experimental Variable - ANS Any variable that is manipulated, measured, or controlled in an
experiment
Frequency Claim - ANS Describes how common or frequent something is
Association Claim - ANS States that two measured variables are related
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.