BSC 101 EXAM 2 WODIKA ISU QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
DNA Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅double stranded helix made up of hydrogen bonds, A - T 2 H
bonds, C - G 3 H bonds
Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅
RNA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribonucleic acid, polymeric molecule, non-coding RNA preforms functions,
messenger RNA forms a template for the production of proteins
Protein - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅molecules consisting of chains of amino acids (polypeptides)
amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅makes up polypeptides and proteins and is important for gene
expression
transcription - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅copying of DNA code to RNA code, one nucleotide at a time so it's
complimentary to the DNA
translation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅RNA gets translated to protein, every 3 RNA base codes code for an
amino acid
universal genetic code - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅codon chart (3 letters that represent amino acids), start
and stop codons, all living organisms ever discovered use the same code
gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and proteins
evolutionary theory evidence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅universal genetic code for all organisms every
discovered meaning there's more evidence all life shares a common evolutionary ancestor
skin cells v liver cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅even though all individuals have the same genes, there are
differences among cell types because each cell controls which genes in the genome are expressed and
when
, DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅breaking open the cell using enzymatic reactions to destroy all
the undesired macromolecules, physically separating the DNA from the rest of the cell's contents using
centrifuge, then bringing the DNA out of solution using alcohol which forms a gelatinous mass
what can DNA extraction do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅modification of genetic material of living
organisms can produce new compounds or preform new functions (improving livestock and crops
through selective breeding to increase yield or create resistance to pests)
gel electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅separates DNA strands based on length (DNA is charged)
1. out DNA into slat
2. use electric current that makes DNA move to the positive side through the gel
3. small molecules move faster which causes separation
4. use dye to read
PCR - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅polymerase chain reaction, takes a few copies of DNA and makes millions
of copies, double stranded DNA is heated up then primer and enzyme mixed to copy,
what can PCR do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅incase of accidentally wasting one drop of blood found at
crime scene, multiple copies can be made to try multiple times
molecular cloning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅creation of genetically identical copy
1. extract a gene from one species
2. insert it into a vector (usually bacterial plasmid and harmless virus)
3. grow bacterial colonies
4. bacterial cells that took up the gene express the protein product of the gene
what can molecular cloning do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used to make insulin, insulin was once made
from pigs before it could be copied from humans
reproductive cloning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅clone of an entire multicellular organism
DNA Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅double stranded helix made up of hydrogen bonds, A - T 2 H
bonds, C - G 3 H bonds
Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅
RNA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribonucleic acid, polymeric molecule, non-coding RNA preforms functions,
messenger RNA forms a template for the production of proteins
Protein - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅molecules consisting of chains of amino acids (polypeptides)
amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅makes up polypeptides and proteins and is important for gene
expression
transcription - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅copying of DNA code to RNA code, one nucleotide at a time so it's
complimentary to the DNA
translation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅RNA gets translated to protein, every 3 RNA base codes code for an
amino acid
universal genetic code - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅codon chart (3 letters that represent amino acids), start
and stop codons, all living organisms ever discovered use the same code
gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and proteins
evolutionary theory evidence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅universal genetic code for all organisms every
discovered meaning there's more evidence all life shares a common evolutionary ancestor
skin cells v liver cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅even though all individuals have the same genes, there are
differences among cell types because each cell controls which genes in the genome are expressed and
when
, DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅breaking open the cell using enzymatic reactions to destroy all
the undesired macromolecules, physically separating the DNA from the rest of the cell's contents using
centrifuge, then bringing the DNA out of solution using alcohol which forms a gelatinous mass
what can DNA extraction do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅modification of genetic material of living
organisms can produce new compounds or preform new functions (improving livestock and crops
through selective breeding to increase yield or create resistance to pests)
gel electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅separates DNA strands based on length (DNA is charged)
1. out DNA into slat
2. use electric current that makes DNA move to the positive side through the gel
3. small molecules move faster which causes separation
4. use dye to read
PCR - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅polymerase chain reaction, takes a few copies of DNA and makes millions
of copies, double stranded DNA is heated up then primer and enzyme mixed to copy,
what can PCR do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅incase of accidentally wasting one drop of blood found at
crime scene, multiple copies can be made to try multiple times
molecular cloning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅creation of genetically identical copy
1. extract a gene from one species
2. insert it into a vector (usually bacterial plasmid and harmless virus)
3. grow bacterial colonies
4. bacterial cells that took up the gene express the protein product of the gene
what can molecular cloning do - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used to make insulin, insulin was once made
from pigs before it could be copied from humans
reproductive cloning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅clone of an entire multicellular organism
