PATHOPHARM FINAL EXAM REVIEW PART 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Laxative contraindications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Avoid in pregnancy, fecal impaction, bowel
obstruction, acute surgical abdomen, undiagnosed abdominal pain.
Bisacodyl enteric-coated teaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Do not take with milk or antacids; wait 1
hour to avoid destroying coating.
Diphenoxylate-atropine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Opioid analogue antidiarrheal; contraindicated in
pregnancy; overdose causes respiratory depression.
Loperamide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Opioid analogue; slows motility; less CNS penetration.
Misuse of laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Chronic use leads to dependence, electrolyte imbalance,
dehydration.
Dietary fiber - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases stool bulk and promotes bowel motility; best first-line
for constipation.
Bulk-forming laxatives teaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Take with full glass of water to prevent
obstruction.
Docusate sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Stool softener; results in 1-3 days.
Surfactant laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower stool surface tension; allow water penetration.
Osmotic laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Draw water into bowel; risk of dehydration, electrolyte
imbalance.
, PEG-electrolyte solutions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for bowel prep; drink large volumes; risk of
diarrhea.
Lubiprostone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for IBS/constipation; increases fluid secretion; can cause
diarrhea.
Status epilepticus management - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Give IV benzodiazepines first (lorazepam), then
antiepileptics.
Alpha-2 agonist: Brimonidine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for glaucoma; decreases aqueous humor
production.
CAI: Dorzolamide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; decreases aqueous humor
production.
Pilocarpine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct cholinergic agonist; causes miosis, increased outflow; side
effects: blurry vision, headache.
Angle-closure glaucoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Medical emergency; sudden pain, halos, nausea; treat
immediately.
Open-angle vs angle-closure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Open-angle: chronic; angle-closure: acute with
rapid IOP rise.
Simple vs complex partial seizure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Simple: no LOC. Complex: impaired
consciousness.
Febrile seizures - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Occur in children with fever; usually benign.
Phentermine-topiramate - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Weight loss drug; risks include tachycardia, metabolic
acidosis.
ANSWERS
Laxative contraindications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Avoid in pregnancy, fecal impaction, bowel
obstruction, acute surgical abdomen, undiagnosed abdominal pain.
Bisacodyl enteric-coated teaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Do not take with milk or antacids; wait 1
hour to avoid destroying coating.
Diphenoxylate-atropine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Opioid analogue antidiarrheal; contraindicated in
pregnancy; overdose causes respiratory depression.
Loperamide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Opioid analogue; slows motility; less CNS penetration.
Misuse of laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Chronic use leads to dependence, electrolyte imbalance,
dehydration.
Dietary fiber - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Increases stool bulk and promotes bowel motility; best first-line
for constipation.
Bulk-forming laxatives teaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Take with full glass of water to prevent
obstruction.
Docusate sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Stool softener; results in 1-3 days.
Surfactant laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower stool surface tension; allow water penetration.
Osmotic laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Draw water into bowel; risk of dehydration, electrolyte
imbalance.
, PEG-electrolyte solutions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for bowel prep; drink large volumes; risk of
diarrhea.
Lubiprostone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for IBS/constipation; increases fluid secretion; can cause
diarrhea.
Status epilepticus management - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Give IV benzodiazepines first (lorazepam), then
antiepileptics.
Alpha-2 agonist: Brimonidine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used for glaucoma; decreases aqueous humor
production.
CAI: Dorzolamide - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; decreases aqueous humor
production.
Pilocarpine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct cholinergic agonist; causes miosis, increased outflow; side
effects: blurry vision, headache.
Angle-closure glaucoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Medical emergency; sudden pain, halos, nausea; treat
immediately.
Open-angle vs angle-closure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Open-angle: chronic; angle-closure: acute with
rapid IOP rise.
Simple vs complex partial seizure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Simple: no LOC. Complex: impaired
consciousness.
Febrile seizures - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Occur in children with fever; usually benign.
Phentermine-topiramate - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Weight loss drug; risks include tachycardia, metabolic
acidosis.
