HSS 3108 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers| New Update with 100% Correct Answers
Measures of health and disease Health promotion relies on strategies that improve the
conditions necessary for good health and well-being. This includes proactive efforts to prevent
disease, manage chronic conditions, support recovery from illness or injury and reduce
preventable deaths, such as infant mortality.
A critical perspective on global health changes All government systems strive to maximize
health outcomes and well-being of the population in an effort to build strong human capital
which serves as an engine for socioeconomic progress.
- During the last few decades, growing efforts efforts by national and international actors have
led to significant improvements in life expectancy, reduction in maternal and child mortality
rates, mass immunization programs (small pox and polio).
- In addition, groundbreaking advances in biotechnology and medicine have brought about
dramatic changes in the diagnosis, treatment and management of some of the most pressing
global health issues.
Despite these remarkable achievements, global health stands at a precarious juncture.
- The increasing global burden of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, coupled with
NCDs, substance use and mental health disorders, further strains the fragile health systems,
particularly in the LMICs.
- Increasing frequency of natural disasters exacerbate social crises through loss of agricultural
productivity, livelihoods and access to clean water and sanitation.
- Growing wealth and widening disparities, and increasing tension between corporate interests
and public health and environmental priorities call for a more critical and comprehensive
approach to research and policy action.
Given the global and interconnected nature of the challenges, concerted global action is
required to tackle them with the aim of building healthier and more resilient communities while
preventing erosion of environmental, social and human capital
Understanding health Health and disease are inherently complex and multifaceted
constructs due to their intricate and context-specific nature. A major challenge in designing
effective health promotion programs lies in the difficulty of formulating a universally applicable
,definition. The latest definition of health by WHO is a comprehensive one as it aptly
incorporates physical, mental and social dimensions of health in addition to the mere absence
of disease or infirmity.
- Physical: refers to the maintenance of homeostasis
- Social: involves the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, and adapt to social
situations
- Infirmity: Underscores the importance of the impact of age or health conditions that can
impact physical fitness, such as an individuals ability of self-care activities of daily living to live a
healthy life.
While this definition sounds comprehensive from a theoretical perspective, it fails to recognize
the difficulties that arise which measuring health and disease for clinical practice and public
health programs.
- Conceptualizing health this way creates confusion around whether the status of complete
health is a continuous process, or an outcome.
- The current concept of health relies on subjective assessment of health status.
One Health (model of health) One health is the interconnectedness of animal, human and
environmental health and working together across disciplines to combat complex health
problems.
- Based on the understanding that the health of humans, animals and the environment are
inextricably linked.
- A collaborative and transdisciplinary approach and focuses on health at local, regional,
national and global levels.
Human populations are growing and expanding into new geographic areas, as a result, more
people live in close contact with wild and domestic animals.
- Animals play an important role in our lives, whether for food, fiber, livelihoods, travel, sport,
education, or companionship.
- Close contact with animals and their environments provides more opportunities for diseases
to pass between animals and people.
, The Health Field Concept (health model) Health field concept envisages that the health field
can be broken up into four broad elements: human biology, environment, lifestyle and
healthcare organization.
- These four elements were identified through an examination of the causes and underlying
factors of sickness and death in Canada, and from an assessment of the parts the elements play
in affecting the level of health in canada.
Understanding disease Defined as a pathological condition of a bodily part, an organism or
system resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetics defect, environmental stress,
or lifestyle factors, which leads to an impairment of normal functioning.
- In other words, disease is a condition that affects how well the body functions and is different
from what is considered normal health.
Similar to health, perceptions of disease is also influenced by diverse sociocultural contexts in
which individuals live.
- Since culture is a complex and dynamic process, what is considered as health or disease can
change over time.
Classification of disease Diseases can be classified from various perspectives;
- Based on root causes (genetic, environmental exposures, infectious, and lifestyle-related)
- Classification is also done based on affected organs or systems (transmission mode, and
pathophysiology)
* However, due to the vast number of existing disease and their multifactorial nature,
classification systems can be inaccurate. To this end, the International Classification of Disease
(ICD11) provides standardized system of codes and categories that allows healthcare
professionals to systematically classify and diagnose disease and health conditions.
The classification also aids in epidemiology be enabling the tracking of disease prevalence and
incidence over time, thus contributing to a better understanding of health trends.
Measures of health and disease Health promotion relies on strategies that improve the
conditions necessary for good health and well-being. This includes proactive efforts to prevent
disease, manage chronic conditions, support recovery from illness or injury and reduce
preventable deaths, such as infant mortality.
A critical perspective on global health changes All government systems strive to maximize
health outcomes and well-being of the population in an effort to build strong human capital
which serves as an engine for socioeconomic progress.
- During the last few decades, growing efforts efforts by national and international actors have
led to significant improvements in life expectancy, reduction in maternal and child mortality
rates, mass immunization programs (small pox and polio).
- In addition, groundbreaking advances in biotechnology and medicine have brought about
dramatic changes in the diagnosis, treatment and management of some of the most pressing
global health issues.
Despite these remarkable achievements, global health stands at a precarious juncture.
- The increasing global burden of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, coupled with
NCDs, substance use and mental health disorders, further strains the fragile health systems,
particularly in the LMICs.
- Increasing frequency of natural disasters exacerbate social crises through loss of agricultural
productivity, livelihoods and access to clean water and sanitation.
- Growing wealth and widening disparities, and increasing tension between corporate interests
and public health and environmental priorities call for a more critical and comprehensive
approach to research and policy action.
Given the global and interconnected nature of the challenges, concerted global action is
required to tackle them with the aim of building healthier and more resilient communities while
preventing erosion of environmental, social and human capital
Understanding health Health and disease are inherently complex and multifaceted
constructs due to their intricate and context-specific nature. A major challenge in designing
effective health promotion programs lies in the difficulty of formulating a universally applicable
,definition. The latest definition of health by WHO is a comprehensive one as it aptly
incorporates physical, mental and social dimensions of health in addition to the mere absence
of disease or infirmity.
- Physical: refers to the maintenance of homeostasis
- Social: involves the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, and adapt to social
situations
- Infirmity: Underscores the importance of the impact of age or health conditions that can
impact physical fitness, such as an individuals ability of self-care activities of daily living to live a
healthy life.
While this definition sounds comprehensive from a theoretical perspective, it fails to recognize
the difficulties that arise which measuring health and disease for clinical practice and public
health programs.
- Conceptualizing health this way creates confusion around whether the status of complete
health is a continuous process, or an outcome.
- The current concept of health relies on subjective assessment of health status.
One Health (model of health) One health is the interconnectedness of animal, human and
environmental health and working together across disciplines to combat complex health
problems.
- Based on the understanding that the health of humans, animals and the environment are
inextricably linked.
- A collaborative and transdisciplinary approach and focuses on health at local, regional,
national and global levels.
Human populations are growing and expanding into new geographic areas, as a result, more
people live in close contact with wild and domestic animals.
- Animals play an important role in our lives, whether for food, fiber, livelihoods, travel, sport,
education, or companionship.
- Close contact with animals and their environments provides more opportunities for diseases
to pass between animals and people.
, The Health Field Concept (health model) Health field concept envisages that the health field
can be broken up into four broad elements: human biology, environment, lifestyle and
healthcare organization.
- These four elements were identified through an examination of the causes and underlying
factors of sickness and death in Canada, and from an assessment of the parts the elements play
in affecting the level of health in canada.
Understanding disease Defined as a pathological condition of a bodily part, an organism or
system resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetics defect, environmental stress,
or lifestyle factors, which leads to an impairment of normal functioning.
- In other words, disease is a condition that affects how well the body functions and is different
from what is considered normal health.
Similar to health, perceptions of disease is also influenced by diverse sociocultural contexts in
which individuals live.
- Since culture is a complex and dynamic process, what is considered as health or disease can
change over time.
Classification of disease Diseases can be classified from various perspectives;
- Based on root causes (genetic, environmental exposures, infectious, and lifestyle-related)
- Classification is also done based on affected organs or systems (transmission mode, and
pathophysiology)
* However, due to the vast number of existing disease and their multifactorial nature,
classification systems can be inaccurate. To this end, the International Classification of Disease
(ICD11) provides standardized system of codes and categories that allows healthcare
professionals to systematically classify and diagnose disease and health conditions.
The classification also aids in epidemiology be enabling the tracking of disease prevalence and
incidence over time, thus contributing to a better understanding of health trends.
