PATEL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
RALAMANDAL, INDORE
CODE: 0828
LAB MANUAL
BT 101
Engineering Chemistry
Submitted to
Prof. Darshika Johi
Submitted by
NAME-
COURSE-
BRANCH-
SESSION-
ROLL NO.-
SIGN-
DATE OF SUBMISSION-
, INDEX
S.# Experiment Dateof Page Dateof Signature
Performance # Submission
1 Determination of Total 13
Hardness in Water by
Complexometric Titration
Method.
2 Determine the total Alkalinity 18
of the given water samples.
3 Determination of flash point of 21
the oil by Abel‟s closed cup
apparatus.
4 Determination of flash point of 25
the given oil sample by Pensky
Martin‟sclosedcupapparatus.
5 Determinationofflashpointand 28
fire point of the givensample of
the lubricating oilby Cleveland‟s
open cup
apparatus.
6 Determination of Viscosity ofthe 31
lubricating oil atdifferent
temperaturesbyaRedwood
ViscometerNO1.
7 Determination of Viscosity ofthe 36
lubricating oil atdifferent
temperaturesbyaRedwood
ViscometerNO2.
8 To determine total water 41
suspended and dissolved solid
in a given water sample.
9 To determine moisture inagiven 42
coal sample (proximate
analysis).
2|Page
, INTRODUCTIONTOCHEMISTRYLAB
Chemicalanalysisiscarriedouttounderstandthecompositionofthematerials.This will
enable to assess the properties of materials and if necessary, modify the
propertiesfortechnicalandscientificapplications.Chemicalanalysisisthe resolution of a
chemical compound into proximate or ultimate parts.
Traditionalmanualchemicalanalysisisdividedintotwotypes.
a. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: It deals with the identification and confirmation of the
natureofthesubstanceorimpuritiespresentinagivensample.
b. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: It deals with the estimation of, how much of each
component or of specified components, are present in a given sample, includingintrace
quantities. The substance determined is analyte and the minor or the trace quantities
are impurities. The complete quantitative analysis consists of five steps:
sampling,dissolutionofthesample,conversionoftheanalyteintoaformsuitable
formeasurement,measurement,calculationandinterpretationofdata.
c. VOLUMETRICANALYSIS:Itisbasedonachemicalreactionandthecalculations are on
the simple stoichiometric relations of chemical reactions. It is a
quantitativechemicalanalysisbymeasure,whichconsistsessentiallyin determining the
volume of solution of accurately known concentration required toreact quantitatively
with solution of substance being determined. The weight of the substance to be
determined is then calculated from the volume of the standardsolutions and the known
laws of chemical equivalence/ stoichiometry. The standard
solutionisusuallyaddedfromagraduatedglassvesselcalledaburette.Theprocessofaddingth
estandardsolutionuntilthereactionisjustcompleteistermed
asatitrationandthesubstancetobedeterminedissaidtobetitrated.Hence,this
isalsoreferredtoastitrimetricanalysis.Thepointatwhichthetitrationis
completediscalledtheequivalencepointorthetheoretical(stoichiometric) endpoint. The
completion of the titration should, as a rule, be detectable by some
change,unmistakabletotheeye,producedbythestandardsolutionitselformore
3|Page
, usuallybytheadditionanauxiliaryagent,knownasindicator.Theindicator
shouldgiveaclearvisualchangeinthesolutionbeingtitrated.Intheidealtitration, the visible
endpoint will coincide with the stoichiometric or theoretical endpoint. However in
practice, a very small difference usually occurs, referred to as titration error. Volumetric
analysis, which involves the accurate measurements of volume of solutions, though one
or two weighing‟s may also, be needed. The indicator is a
chemicalsubstanceandchoiceoftheindicatordependsonthenatureofthe chemical
reaction.
Volumetricmethodsneedsimplerapparatusandtheprocessesarequickly performed. They
require a balance for weighing, calibrated measuring vessels like burettes, pipettes and
volumetric flasks and substances of known purity for the preparation of standard
solutions.
d. GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS: Unlike volumetric analysis where measurements of
volumes are involved, gravimetric method involves separation of the analyte into asolid
form as precipitate. The measurement step in gravimetry is weighing.
Theelementoradefinitecompoundoftheelementinaspureformaspossible,is isolated and
weighed. The weight of the element or compound may then be readily
calculatedfromtheformulaknowledgeofthecompoundandtheatomicweightsof the
constituent elements. The isolation of the required species is achieved by
precipitationmethods,volatilization,evolutionmethodsorelectroanalytical methods.
The advantage of gravimetric method over volumetric analysis is that the
constituent may be seen and examined for the presence of impurities. A correction
can be applied if necessary. The disadvantage of gravimetry is that it is more time
consuming compared to volumetric analysis. Of the two methods, gravimetric
analysis is accurate, but volumetric analysis is much more readily and quickly
carried out. The error allowed in volumetric analysis is 0.2%.
ESSENTIALCONDITIONSFORACCURATETITRIMETRY
1. Clean glass apparatus must only be used in titrimetric analysis. Glass apparatusmust
be free from grease and thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven
before use. Graduated apparatus need not be dried in oven, as they may cause error due
to expansion.
2. Thestoichiometricequationgoverningthereactionmustbeknown.
3. Thereactionshouldbepracticallyinstantaneousorproceedwithsufficient speed.
Addition of a suitable catalyst may help to increase the speed of the
reaction.Thereactionmustgotocompletion,withoutanycomplicatingsidereactions.
4. There must be some marked change in some physical or chemical property of the
titratetoassessthecompletionofthereaction(usuallyanindicatorisemployed).
4|Page
RALAMANDAL, INDORE
CODE: 0828
LAB MANUAL
BT 101
Engineering Chemistry
Submitted to
Prof. Darshika Johi
Submitted by
NAME-
COURSE-
BRANCH-
SESSION-
ROLL NO.-
SIGN-
DATE OF SUBMISSION-
, INDEX
S.# Experiment Dateof Page Dateof Signature
Performance # Submission
1 Determination of Total 13
Hardness in Water by
Complexometric Titration
Method.
2 Determine the total Alkalinity 18
of the given water samples.
3 Determination of flash point of 21
the oil by Abel‟s closed cup
apparatus.
4 Determination of flash point of 25
the given oil sample by Pensky
Martin‟sclosedcupapparatus.
5 Determinationofflashpointand 28
fire point of the givensample of
the lubricating oilby Cleveland‟s
open cup
apparatus.
6 Determination of Viscosity ofthe 31
lubricating oil atdifferent
temperaturesbyaRedwood
ViscometerNO1.
7 Determination of Viscosity ofthe 36
lubricating oil atdifferent
temperaturesbyaRedwood
ViscometerNO2.
8 To determine total water 41
suspended and dissolved solid
in a given water sample.
9 To determine moisture inagiven 42
coal sample (proximate
analysis).
2|Page
, INTRODUCTIONTOCHEMISTRYLAB
Chemicalanalysisiscarriedouttounderstandthecompositionofthematerials.This will
enable to assess the properties of materials and if necessary, modify the
propertiesfortechnicalandscientificapplications.Chemicalanalysisisthe resolution of a
chemical compound into proximate or ultimate parts.
Traditionalmanualchemicalanalysisisdividedintotwotypes.
a. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: It deals with the identification and confirmation of the
natureofthesubstanceorimpuritiespresentinagivensample.
b. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: It deals with the estimation of, how much of each
component or of specified components, are present in a given sample, includingintrace
quantities. The substance determined is analyte and the minor or the trace quantities
are impurities. The complete quantitative analysis consists of five steps:
sampling,dissolutionofthesample,conversionoftheanalyteintoaformsuitable
formeasurement,measurement,calculationandinterpretationofdata.
c. VOLUMETRICANALYSIS:Itisbasedonachemicalreactionandthecalculations are on
the simple stoichiometric relations of chemical reactions. It is a
quantitativechemicalanalysisbymeasure,whichconsistsessentiallyin determining the
volume of solution of accurately known concentration required toreact quantitatively
with solution of substance being determined. The weight of the substance to be
determined is then calculated from the volume of the standardsolutions and the known
laws of chemical equivalence/ stoichiometry. The standard
solutionisusuallyaddedfromagraduatedglassvesselcalledaburette.Theprocessofaddingth
estandardsolutionuntilthereactionisjustcompleteistermed
asatitrationandthesubstancetobedeterminedissaidtobetitrated.Hence,this
isalsoreferredtoastitrimetricanalysis.Thepointatwhichthetitrationis
completediscalledtheequivalencepointorthetheoretical(stoichiometric) endpoint. The
completion of the titration should, as a rule, be detectable by some
change,unmistakabletotheeye,producedbythestandardsolutionitselformore
3|Page
, usuallybytheadditionanauxiliaryagent,knownasindicator.Theindicator
shouldgiveaclearvisualchangeinthesolutionbeingtitrated.Intheidealtitration, the visible
endpoint will coincide with the stoichiometric or theoretical endpoint. However in
practice, a very small difference usually occurs, referred to as titration error. Volumetric
analysis, which involves the accurate measurements of volume of solutions, though one
or two weighing‟s may also, be needed. The indicator is a
chemicalsubstanceandchoiceoftheindicatordependsonthenatureofthe chemical
reaction.
Volumetricmethodsneedsimplerapparatusandtheprocessesarequickly performed. They
require a balance for weighing, calibrated measuring vessels like burettes, pipettes and
volumetric flasks and substances of known purity for the preparation of standard
solutions.
d. GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS: Unlike volumetric analysis where measurements of
volumes are involved, gravimetric method involves separation of the analyte into asolid
form as precipitate. The measurement step in gravimetry is weighing.
Theelementoradefinitecompoundoftheelementinaspureformaspossible,is isolated and
weighed. The weight of the element or compound may then be readily
calculatedfromtheformulaknowledgeofthecompoundandtheatomicweightsof the
constituent elements. The isolation of the required species is achieved by
precipitationmethods,volatilization,evolutionmethodsorelectroanalytical methods.
The advantage of gravimetric method over volumetric analysis is that the
constituent may be seen and examined for the presence of impurities. A correction
can be applied if necessary. The disadvantage of gravimetry is that it is more time
consuming compared to volumetric analysis. Of the two methods, gravimetric
analysis is accurate, but volumetric analysis is much more readily and quickly
carried out. The error allowed in volumetric analysis is 0.2%.
ESSENTIALCONDITIONSFORACCURATETITRIMETRY
1. Clean glass apparatus must only be used in titrimetric analysis. Glass apparatusmust
be free from grease and thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven
before use. Graduated apparatus need not be dried in oven, as they may cause error due
to expansion.
2. Thestoichiometricequationgoverningthereactionmustbeknown.
3. Thereactionshouldbepracticallyinstantaneousorproceedwithsufficient speed.
Addition of a suitable catalyst may help to increase the speed of the
reaction.Thereactionmustgotocompletion,withoutanycomplicatingsidereactions.
4. There must be some marked change in some physical or chemical property of the
titratetoassessthecompletionofthereaction(usuallyanindicatorisemployed).
4|Page
