HSS 2321 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
OUTLINED VERIFIED ANSWERS
\Q\.What are the value assumptions of contemporary medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Mind-body
dualism
Physical reductionism
Doctrine of specific etiology
Machine metaphor
Regimen and control
\Q\.Who specified the value assumptions of contemporary medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Freund,
McGuire, and Podhurst 2003
\Q\.What is Manning and Fabrega's biologistic view of the world - ANSWERS✔-1. Organs and
their specific functions are identifiable and observable as discrete entities
2. Normal functioning of the body occurs the same for everybody unless disturbed by injury or
illness
3. People's sensory experiences are universal
4. Disease and experience of disease do not vary from one culture to another
5. Boundaries between self and body and between self and others are obvious
6. Death is the body's ceasing to function
7. Bodies should be seen objectively to be treated medically
,\Q\.Much of the research on the "normal" person has been on the ______ person -
ANSWERS✔-Male
\Q\.What is considered a "__________" in one culture may be "________" in another -
ANSWERS✔-disease, normal
\Q\.What did Montini and Slobin show about limitations in closing the gap between published
biomedical research, the scientific treatments documented by such research, and the actual
daily practice of medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Closing the gap relates to distinct value differences
between researchers and practitioners
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is certainty and
uncertainty? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians work involves patients who want and need an immediate
and certain response
Scientific work does not depend on or even expect certainty, so the focus is on probability
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is evolutionary
time and clinical timeliness? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians must make timely decisions in response to
the expressed and observed needs of individual patients
Scientific truth develops in incremental stages
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is aggregate
measures and individual prescriptions? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians need to rely on what they know
from experience
Scientists do not have to rely on experience
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is scientific
objectivity and clinical experience? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians are faced with a unique and
changing individual and, usually, subjectively experienced symptoms
Scientists try to control all variables
, \Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is constant
change and standards of treatment? - ANSWERS✔-The doctor has to assume that current
treatments will be helpful and have a longer "shelf-life" than frequently changing scientific
hypotheses
\Q\.What is Evidence-based medicine - ANSWERS✔-Involves using statistical and other
evaluative techniques to meta-analyze scientific literature in order to inform the everyday
practice of medicine
\Q\.Why was EBM developed? - ANSWERS✔-To bridge the gap between medical science and
medical practice
\Q\.What are the limitations of EBM? - ANSWERS✔-- Published research may not be
representative of the best research
- Some populations are under-studied (some, radicalized groups)
- When researchers are funded by private corporations such as drug companies, published
findings may be restricted to those that support the use of intervention financed by the
company
\Q\.What are the four social forces related to new medical technologies? - ANSWERS✔-1. Key
societal values
2. Federal Government policies
3. Reimbursement strategies
4. Economic incentives
\Q\.What are McKinlay and McKinlay's seven stages in the career of a medical invention? -
ANSWERS✔-1. A promising report
2. Professional and organizational adoption
OUTLINED VERIFIED ANSWERS
\Q\.What are the value assumptions of contemporary medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Mind-body
dualism
Physical reductionism
Doctrine of specific etiology
Machine metaphor
Regimen and control
\Q\.Who specified the value assumptions of contemporary medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Freund,
McGuire, and Podhurst 2003
\Q\.What is Manning and Fabrega's biologistic view of the world - ANSWERS✔-1. Organs and
their specific functions are identifiable and observable as discrete entities
2. Normal functioning of the body occurs the same for everybody unless disturbed by injury or
illness
3. People's sensory experiences are universal
4. Disease and experience of disease do not vary from one culture to another
5. Boundaries between self and body and between self and others are obvious
6. Death is the body's ceasing to function
7. Bodies should be seen objectively to be treated medically
,\Q\.Much of the research on the "normal" person has been on the ______ person -
ANSWERS✔-Male
\Q\.What is considered a "__________" in one culture may be "________" in another -
ANSWERS✔-disease, normal
\Q\.What did Montini and Slobin show about limitations in closing the gap between published
biomedical research, the scientific treatments documented by such research, and the actual
daily practice of medicine? - ANSWERS✔-Closing the gap relates to distinct value differences
between researchers and practitioners
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is certainty and
uncertainty? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians work involves patients who want and need an immediate
and certain response
Scientific work does not depend on or even expect certainty, so the focus is on probability
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is evolutionary
time and clinical timeliness? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians must make timely decisions in response to
the expressed and observed needs of individual patients
Scientific truth develops in incremental stages
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is aggregate
measures and individual prescriptions? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians need to rely on what they know
from experience
Scientists do not have to rely on experience
\Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is scientific
objectivity and clinical experience? - ANSWERS✔-Clinicians are faced with a unique and
changing individual and, usually, subjectively experienced symptoms
Scientists try to control all variables
, \Q\.Regarding Value Differences between researchers and practitioners, what is constant
change and standards of treatment? - ANSWERS✔-The doctor has to assume that current
treatments will be helpful and have a longer "shelf-life" than frequently changing scientific
hypotheses
\Q\.What is Evidence-based medicine - ANSWERS✔-Involves using statistical and other
evaluative techniques to meta-analyze scientific literature in order to inform the everyday
practice of medicine
\Q\.Why was EBM developed? - ANSWERS✔-To bridge the gap between medical science and
medical practice
\Q\.What are the limitations of EBM? - ANSWERS✔-- Published research may not be
representative of the best research
- Some populations are under-studied (some, radicalized groups)
- When researchers are funded by private corporations such as drug companies, published
findings may be restricted to those that support the use of intervention financed by the
company
\Q\.What are the four social forces related to new medical technologies? - ANSWERS✔-1. Key
societal values
2. Federal Government policies
3. Reimbursement strategies
4. Economic incentives
\Q\.What are McKinlay and McKinlay's seven stages in the career of a medical invention? -
ANSWERS✔-1. A promising report
2. Professional and organizational adoption
