Nurs 407 Exam 2 2026/2027 Updated
With Complete
Solutions 100%
What structures belong to the pulmonary circulation? What about the systemic circulation?
Pulmonary: Right heart, pulmonary artery, capillaries, veins
Systemic: Left heart, aorta and its branches, capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues,
systemic venous and vena cava
Venous pressure pumps blood through the
lungs
Purpose of laminar flow
Reduces friction and prevents clotting factors from coming into contact with vessel wall
Laplace Law
- Describes the relation between wall tension, transmural pressure, and radius
- States that wall tension becomes greater as the radius increases
- Wall tension is also affected by wall thickness; it increases as the wall becomes thinner and decreases
as the wall becomes thicker
Compliance
Volume/transmural pressure
Change in volume causes less of an increase in transmural pressure in a more compliant vessel
Cardiac output equation
CO = HR x SV
Workload of the heart is affected by
preload (volume of blood pumped out)and afterload (pressure it must generate to pump blood out of
the heart)
Frank-Starling
The greater the volume of blood in the heart before contraction, the greater the volume of blood ejected
from the heart (increased contractility from EDV stretch)
Blood vessel layers
Tunica externa (fibrous connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscle layer), tunica intima
(endothelial layer adjacent to the blood)
Blood pressure equation
, BP = CO x peripheral resistance
Local vs humoral control of blood flow
Local is autoregulation mediated by changes in blood vessel tone due to changes in flow through the
vessel or by tissue factors
Humoral is vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances in blood (hormones)
Vasomotor and cardioinhibitory centers
In the medulla, vasomotor controls sympathetic while cardio controls parasympathetic
Capillary systems supplying nephron
Glomerulus- filtration system between afferent and efferent arterioles. It has high pressure
Peritubular- Reabsorptive, originates from efferent with low pressure
Juxtaglomerular complex
Feedback control system to link changes in GFR with renal blood flow and composition of distal tubular
fluid
Renal casts
Develop when the protein concentration of the urine is high, urine osmolarity is high, and urine pH is low
What effects GFR
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, glomerular capillary osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic &
osmotic pressures in the Bowman capsule
Specific gravity
Provides index of hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys. Varies with concentration of
solutes
Renal clearance
The volume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substance that is in the urine.
Effected by the ability of the substance to be filtered in the glomeruli and capacity of the renal tubules to
reabsorb or secrete the substance.
Renal clearance = (urine concentration x urine flow rate)/plasma concentration
Serum creatinine levels
Estimates functional capacity of the kidneys. Rise of serum creatinine levels to 3x its normal value
suggests there is a 75% loss of renal function
Loop, thiazide, and aldosterone diuretics
Loop- effect in the thick ascending loop of Henle
Thiazide- Prevent reabsorption of NaCl in the DCT
Aldosterone- Potassium sparing
With Complete
Solutions 100%
What structures belong to the pulmonary circulation? What about the systemic circulation?
Pulmonary: Right heart, pulmonary artery, capillaries, veins
Systemic: Left heart, aorta and its branches, capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues,
systemic venous and vena cava
Venous pressure pumps blood through the
lungs
Purpose of laminar flow
Reduces friction and prevents clotting factors from coming into contact with vessel wall
Laplace Law
- Describes the relation between wall tension, transmural pressure, and radius
- States that wall tension becomes greater as the radius increases
- Wall tension is also affected by wall thickness; it increases as the wall becomes thinner and decreases
as the wall becomes thicker
Compliance
Volume/transmural pressure
Change in volume causes less of an increase in transmural pressure in a more compliant vessel
Cardiac output equation
CO = HR x SV
Workload of the heart is affected by
preload (volume of blood pumped out)and afterload (pressure it must generate to pump blood out of
the heart)
Frank-Starling
The greater the volume of blood in the heart before contraction, the greater the volume of blood ejected
from the heart (increased contractility from EDV stretch)
Blood vessel layers
Tunica externa (fibrous connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscle layer), tunica intima
(endothelial layer adjacent to the blood)
Blood pressure equation
, BP = CO x peripheral resistance
Local vs humoral control of blood flow
Local is autoregulation mediated by changes in blood vessel tone due to changes in flow through the
vessel or by tissue factors
Humoral is vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances in blood (hormones)
Vasomotor and cardioinhibitory centers
In the medulla, vasomotor controls sympathetic while cardio controls parasympathetic
Capillary systems supplying nephron
Glomerulus- filtration system between afferent and efferent arterioles. It has high pressure
Peritubular- Reabsorptive, originates from efferent with low pressure
Juxtaglomerular complex
Feedback control system to link changes in GFR with renal blood flow and composition of distal tubular
fluid
Renal casts
Develop when the protein concentration of the urine is high, urine osmolarity is high, and urine pH is low
What effects GFR
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, glomerular capillary osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic &
osmotic pressures in the Bowman capsule
Specific gravity
Provides index of hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys. Varies with concentration of
solutes
Renal clearance
The volume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substance that is in the urine.
Effected by the ability of the substance to be filtered in the glomeruli and capacity of the renal tubules to
reabsorb or secrete the substance.
Renal clearance = (urine concentration x urine flow rate)/plasma concentration
Serum creatinine levels
Estimates functional capacity of the kidneys. Rise of serum creatinine levels to 3x its normal value
suggests there is a 75% loss of renal function
Loop, thiazide, and aldosterone diuretics
Loop- effect in the thick ascending loop of Henle
Thiazide- Prevent reabsorption of NaCl in the DCT
Aldosterone- Potassium sparing
