FTCE ESOL K-12 STUDY GUIDE
Universal Grammar - Answers -Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language
w/o formal instruction
LAD - Answers -Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - Answers -set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - Answers -our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social
context
Surface Structure - Answers -what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - Answers -Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a
predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - Answers -Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production,
speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - Answers -Krashen-i+1, language input slightly
above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - Answers -Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors
such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answers -Vygotsky-distance between
developmental level and level of potential development. Area between independent
performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - Answers -learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical
uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles appropriately in
various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference - Answers -effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - Answers -interference of previous learning inprocess of learning
something new
Interlanguage - Answers -language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops
while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - Answers -Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
, CUP - Answers -Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2,
skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - Answers -Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills
CALP - Answers -Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge
needed to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - Answers -A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-
cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - Answers -class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning.
Monothong - Answers -one part vowel
Reduced Vowel - Answers -occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most
common
Phonology - Answers -organization of speech sounds
Homophone - Answers -two words pronounced the same but different meaning &
spelling, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - Answers -two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean
different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - Answers -change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with
another
Non-Contrastive - Answers -change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Palatization - Answers -when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]-
>[dЗ], did you eat
Digraph - Answers -single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - Answers -ch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend - Answers -two or more consonants together and each sound is
heard, ie. "blend"
Universal Grammar - Answers -Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language
w/o formal instruction
LAD - Answers -Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - Answers -set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - Answers -our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social
context
Surface Structure - Answers -what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - Answers -Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a
predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - Answers -Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production,
speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - Answers -Krashen-i+1, language input slightly
above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - Answers -Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors
such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answers -Vygotsky-distance between
developmental level and level of potential development. Area between independent
performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - Answers -learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical
uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles appropriately in
various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference - Answers -effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - Answers -interference of previous learning inprocess of learning
something new
Interlanguage - Answers -language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops
while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - Answers -Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
, CUP - Answers -Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2,
skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - Answers -Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills
CALP - Answers -Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge
needed to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - Answers -A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-
cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - Answers -class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning.
Monothong - Answers -one part vowel
Reduced Vowel - Answers -occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most
common
Phonology - Answers -organization of speech sounds
Homophone - Answers -two words pronounced the same but different meaning &
spelling, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - Answers -two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean
different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - Answers -change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with
another
Non-Contrastive - Answers -change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Palatization - Answers -when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]-
>[dЗ], did you eat
Digraph - Answers -single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - Answers -ch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend - Answers -two or more consonants together and each sound is
heard, ie. "blend"
