SOLUTIONVMANUALVFOR
TheVLegalVEnvironmentVofVBusiness,V14thVEditionVbyVRogerVE.VMeiners
ChapterV1-22
ChapterV1
TableVofVContents
AnswerVtoVDiscussionVQuestion ................................................................................................ 1
AnswersVtoVCaseVQuestions ..................................................................................................... 1
AnswersVtoVEthicsVandVSocialVQuestions ................................................................................. 3
AnswerVtoVDiscussionVQuestion
ShouldVtheVcommonVlawVmaximV“IgnoranceVofVtheVlawVisVnoVexcuse”VapplyVtoVanVimmigrantVwhoV
speaksVlittleVEnglishVandVwasVnotVeducatedVinVtheVUnitedVStates?VHowVaboutVforVaVtouristVwhoVd
oesVnotVspeakVEnglish?VEveryoneVknowsVcriminalVactsVareVprohibited,VbutVwhatVaboutVsubtlerVrule
sVthatVdifferVacrossVcountriesVandVsoVmayVbeVmisunderstoodVbyVforeigners?
Answer:VItVisVgenerallyVtrueVthatVignoranceVofVtheVlawVisVnoVexcuse.VCitizensVareVdeemedVtoVhav
eVconstructiveVknowledgeVofVtheVlaw.VYet,VasVwellVknownVasVthisVruleVis,VitVisVsurprisingVhow
VoftenVitVisVprofferedVasVanVexcuse.V(AVWestlawVsearchVcasesVfindsVhundredsVofVexamples).V
ExamplesVinclude:VDelucoVv.VDeziV(Conn.VSuper)V(lackVofVknowledgeVregardingVtheVstate‘sVus
uryVlawsVisVnoVexcuseVforVtheVinclusionVofVanVillegalVinterestVrateVinVaVsalesVcontract);VandVP
lumleeVv.VPaddockV(ignoranceVofVtheVfactVthatVtheVsubjectVmatterVofVtheVcontractVwasVillegalV
wasVnotVexcuse).VTheVcourtsVhaveVprovidedVaVsmallVexceptionVtoVtheVruleVwhenVitVcomesVto
VpeopleVinVlackVofVEnglishVlanguageVskills.VConsiderVFlaneryVv.VKuska,V(defendantVdidVnotVsp
eakVEnglishVwasVadvisedVbyVaVfriendVthatVanVanswerVtoVaVcomplaintVwasVnotVrequired);VRam
onVv.VDept.VofVTransportation,V(noVEnglishVandVanVinabilityVtoVunderstandVtheVlawVrequiredVfo
rVanVexcuse);VYurechkoVv.VCountyVofVAllegheny,V(IgnoranceVandVwithVtheVfactVthatVtheVmunici
palityVsufferedVnoVhardshipVinVlateVlawsuitVfilingVwasVanVexcuse).
AnswersVtoVCaseVQuestions
1. FactsVfromVanVEnglishVjudge’sVdecisionVinV1884:V“TheVcrewVofVanVEnglishVyacht
............................................................................................................................................... wereVcastVawayVin
aVstormVonVtheVhighVseasV.V.V.VandVwereVcompelledVtoVputVintoVanVopenVboat.
..............................................................................................................................TheyVhadVnoVsupply
ofVwaterVandVnoVsupplyVofVfood.V.V.V.VThatVonVtheVeighteenthVdayV.V.V.VtheysuggestedVthatVone
shouldVbeVsacrificedVtoVsaveVtheVrest.V.V.V.VThatVnextVdayV.V.V.VtheyV.V.V.VwentVtoVtheVboy
............................................................................................................................................ putVaVknife
intoVhisVthroatVandVkilledVhimV.V.V.VtheVthreeVmenVfedVuponVtheVbody
............................................................................................................... ofVtheVboyVforVfourVdays;V[then]
theVboatVwasVpickedVupVbyVaVpassingVvessel,VandV[they]VwereVrescued.V.V.V.VandVcommittedVf
orVtrial.V.V.V.VifVtheVmenVhadVnotVfedVuponVtheVbodyVofVtheVboyVtheyVwouldVprobablyVnotVhav
eVsurvivedVtoVbeVsoVpickedVupVandVrescued,VbutVwould
............................................................ haveVdiedVofVfamine.VTheVboy,VbeingVinVaVmuchVweaker
condition,VwasVlikelyVtoVhaveVdiedVbeforeVthem ..TheVrealVquestionVinVthisVcaseV[is]VwhetherVkilling
underVtheVconditionsVsetVforth ... beVorVbeVnotVmurder.”VDoVyouVconsiderVtheVactsVtoVbeVimmoral?
[ReginaVv.VDudleyVandVStephens,V14VQueensVBenchVDivisionV273V(1884)]
Answer:VThisVpointsVoutVthatVtheVlegalVsystemVhasVlimits.VItsVacceptabilityVisVdictatedVbyVlegalVcultu
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 1
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, re--
whichVdeterminesVwhetherVlawVwillVbeVenforced,Vobeyed,Vavoided,VorVabused.VItVisVlimitedVbyVt
heVinformalVrulesVofVtheVsociety--
itsVcustomsVandVvalues.VOneVlimitVisVtheVextentVtoVwhichVsocietyVwillVallowVtheVformalVrulesVto
VbeVimposedVwhenVaVcrimeVisVcommittedVinVoddVcircumstances.VHereVthereVwasVanVintentiona
lVmurder.VDoesVtheVmotiveVforVtheVmurder,VtheVeffortVtoVsaveVseveralVlivesVbyVsacrificingVone
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 2
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, life,VmakeVitVaVcrimeVthatVshouldVbeVpunished?VNotVallVcrimesVareVtreatedVtheVsame.VItValsoV
raisesVquestionsVaboutVtheVdesirabilityVofVnotVgivingVjudgesVflexibilityVinVsentencing.
ThereVwasVaVprecedentVforVaVlightVsentenceVinVthisVcaseVinVU.S.Vlaw:VU.S.Vv.VHolmes,V20VF.
VCas.V360V(No.V15383)V(C.C.E.D.VPa.V1842).VTheVcaseVinvolvedVaVsinkingVoceanVliner.VSever
alVpassengersVmadeVitVtoVtheVonlyVlifeboat,VwhichVwasVfarVtooVovercrowded.VTheVcaptainVdeci
dedVtoVsaveVtheVwomenVandVchildrenVandVthrewVseveralVmenVoverboard.VTheVlifeboatVwasVre
scued.VTheVgrandVjuryVrefusedVtoV indictVtheVcaptainVfromVmurder,VonlyVforVmanslaughter.VHeV
gotVaVsixVmonthVsentence.
TheVBritishVjudgeVinVtheVcaseVhereVimposedVtheVdeathVpenaltyVuponVtheVpersonVwhoVsurvi
ved.VTheVjudgeVfoundVitVdifficultVtoVruleVthatVeveryVmanVonVboardVhadVtheVrightVtoVmakeVl
awVbyVhisVownVhand.VTheVCrownVreducedVtheVsentenceVtoVsixVmonths.
2. SmokingVisVaVseriousVhealthVhazard.VCigarettesVareVlegal.VShouldVcigaretteVmanufacturersVbe
VliableVforVtheVseriousVillnessesVandVuntimelyVdeathsVcausedVbyVtheirVunavoidablyVdangerousV
products,VevenVthoughVtheyVpostVaVwarningVonVtheVpackageVandVconsumersVvoluntarilyVassu
meVtheVhealthVrisksVbyVsmoking?V[CipolloneVv.VLiggettVGroup,VInc.,V505VU.S.V504V(1992)]
Answer:VTheVgeneralVruleVthatVexistsVnowVisVthatVsinceVtheVgovernmentVhasVorderedVtheVpostingV
ofVwarningVlabelsVonVcigarettes,VandVsinceVtheVdangersVofVsmokingVareVwellVknown,Vconsume
rsVhaveVbeenVwarnedVandVareVnotVdueVcompensationVifVtheyVkillVthemselvesVbyVsmoking.VThe
VCippolineVcase,VsinceVreviewedVbyVtheVSupremeVCourt,VappearsVtoVbeVofVlimitedVimpactVsinc
eVtheVvictimVwasVadjudgedVtoVhaveVbecomeVaddictedVtoVcigarettesVbeforeVtheVwarningVlabelV
wasVorderedVinV1964.VIfVcigaretteVmakersVwereVheldVresponsibleVforVallVhealthVproblemsVasso
ciatedVwithVcigarettes,Vthen,VlikeValcoholVandVotherVdangerousVproducts,VtheVdamagesVwouldVli
kelyVbeVsoVhighVitVwouldVeffectivelyVbanVtheVproducts.VPresumably,VinVaVfreeVsocietyVifVadults
VareVclearlyVinformedVofVtheVrisksVofVproductsVthatVcannotVbeVmadeVsafe,VtheyVacceptVtheVris
k.VTobaccoVandValcoholVproducersVcannotVtakeVtheVdangersVoutVofVtheVproductsVexceptVatVth
eVmarginVbyVencouragingVresponsibleVdrinkingVandVtheVlike.VAreVdrugsVlikeVcocaineVdifferent?
3. TwoVeight-year-oldVboysVwereVseriouslyVinjuredVwhenVridingVHondaVmini-
trailVbikes.VTheVboysVwereVridingVonVpublicVstreets,VranVaVstopVsign,VandVwereVhitVbyVaVtruck.
VTheVbikesVhadVclearVwarningVlabelsVonVtheVfrontVstatingVtheyVwereVonlyVforVoff-
roadVuse.VTheVmanualVstatedVtheVbikesVwereVnotVtoVbeVusedVonVpublicVstreets.VTheVparentsV
suedVHonda.VTheVsupremeVcourtVofVWashingtonVsaidVoneVbasicVissueVexisted:V“IsVaVmanufact
urerVliableVwhenVchildrenVareVinjuredVwhileVridingVoneVofVitsVmini-
trailVbikesVonVaVpublicVroadVinVviolationVofVmanufacturerVandVparentalVwarnings?”VIsVitVunethic
alVtoVmakeVproductsVlikeVmini-
trailVbikesVchildrenVwillVuseVwhenVweVknowVaccidentsVlikeVthisVwillVhappen?V[BaughnVv.VHond
aVMotorVCo.,V727VP.2dV655VSup.VCt,VWash.,V(1986)]
Answer:VTheVcourtVfoundVnoVliabilityVforVtheVmanufacturers.VThereVwasVnoVdefect;VtheVproductVwa
sVsafeVforVintendedVuse.VSafetyVinstructionsVwereVclear;VtheVparentsVletVtheVboysVrideVtheVbik
es.VAnythingVcanVbeVdangerous--
baseballsVareVdangerousVwhenVtheyVhitVtheVhead,VswingsVareVdangerousVwhenVkidsVjumpVout
VofVthem;VthereVisVonlyVsoVmuchVthatVcanVbeVdoneVtoVmakeVtheVgovernmentVtheV―nationalVn
anny‖VasVtheVWashingtonVPostVonceVsaidVaboutVexcessiveVconsumerVprotection.VParentsVmust
VacceptVaVhighVdegreeVofVresponsibleVforVtheirVownVchildren.
4. JohnsonVControlsVadoptedVaV“fetalVprotectionVpolicy”VthatVwomenVofVchildbearingVageVcouldVn
otVworkVinVtheVbattery-
makingVdivisionVofVtheVcompany.VExposureVtoVleadVinVtheVbatteryVoperationVcouldVcauseVharm
VtoVunbornVbabies.VTheVcompanyVwasVconcernedVaboutVpossibleVlegalVliabilityVforVinjuryVsuffer
edVbyVbabiesVofVmothersVwhoVhadVworkedVinVtheVbatteryVdivision.VTheVSupremeVCourtVheldVt
heVcompanyVpolicyVwasVillegal.VItVwasVanV“excuseVforVdenyingVwomenVequalVemploymentVopp
ortunities.”VIsVtheVCourtVforcingVtheVcompanyVtoVbeVunethicalVbyVallowingVpregnantVwomenVw
hoVignoreVtheVwarningsVtoVexposeVtheirVbabiesVtoVtheVlead?V[UnitedVAutoVWorkersVv.VJohnso
nVControls,V499VU.S.V187V(1991)]
Answer:VTheVCourtVheldVitVaVformVofVsexVdiscriminationVtoVpreventVwomenVofVchild-
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 3
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, bearingVageVfromVholdingVtheVmoreVdangerousVjobs.VTheVcompanyVarguedVthatVitVdidVthisVtoV
protectVitselfVfromVpossibleVliabilityVinVcaseVofVdamageVtoVbabiesVandVthatVtheVdecisionVwasV
ethical.VTheVreplacementsVforVtheseVworkersVwereVoftenVmenVorVmoreVseniorVwomen,VwhoVte
ndedVtoVbeVhigherVincomeVworkers,VsoVthis
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 4
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
TheVLegalVEnvironmentVofVBusiness,V14thVEditionVbyVRogerVE.VMeiners
ChapterV1-22
ChapterV1
TableVofVContents
AnswerVtoVDiscussionVQuestion ................................................................................................ 1
AnswersVtoVCaseVQuestions ..................................................................................................... 1
AnswersVtoVEthicsVandVSocialVQuestions ................................................................................. 3
AnswerVtoVDiscussionVQuestion
ShouldVtheVcommonVlawVmaximV“IgnoranceVofVtheVlawVisVnoVexcuse”VapplyVtoVanVimmigrantVwhoV
speaksVlittleVEnglishVandVwasVnotVeducatedVinVtheVUnitedVStates?VHowVaboutVforVaVtouristVwhoVd
oesVnotVspeakVEnglish?VEveryoneVknowsVcriminalVactsVareVprohibited,VbutVwhatVaboutVsubtlerVrule
sVthatVdifferVacrossVcountriesVandVsoVmayVbeVmisunderstoodVbyVforeigners?
Answer:VItVisVgenerallyVtrueVthatVignoranceVofVtheVlawVisVnoVexcuse.VCitizensVareVdeemedVtoVhav
eVconstructiveVknowledgeVofVtheVlaw.VYet,VasVwellVknownVasVthisVruleVis,VitVisVsurprisingVhow
VoftenVitVisVprofferedVasVanVexcuse.V(AVWestlawVsearchVcasesVfindsVhundredsVofVexamples).V
ExamplesVinclude:VDelucoVv.VDeziV(Conn.VSuper)V(lackVofVknowledgeVregardingVtheVstate‘sVus
uryVlawsVisVnoVexcuseVforVtheVinclusionVofVanVillegalVinterestVrateVinVaVsalesVcontract);VandVP
lumleeVv.VPaddockV(ignoranceVofVtheVfactVthatVtheVsubjectVmatterVofVtheVcontractVwasVillegalV
wasVnotVexcuse).VTheVcourtsVhaveVprovidedVaVsmallVexceptionVtoVtheVruleVwhenVitVcomesVto
VpeopleVinVlackVofVEnglishVlanguageVskills.VConsiderVFlaneryVv.VKuska,V(defendantVdidVnotVsp
eakVEnglishVwasVadvisedVbyVaVfriendVthatVanVanswerVtoVaVcomplaintVwasVnotVrequired);VRam
onVv.VDept.VofVTransportation,V(noVEnglishVandVanVinabilityVtoVunderstandVtheVlawVrequiredVfo
rVanVexcuse);VYurechkoVv.VCountyVofVAllegheny,V(IgnoranceVandVwithVtheVfactVthatVtheVmunici
palityVsufferedVnoVhardshipVinVlateVlawsuitVfilingVwasVanVexcuse).
AnswersVtoVCaseVQuestions
1. FactsVfromVanVEnglishVjudge’sVdecisionVinV1884:V“TheVcrewVofVanVEnglishVyacht
............................................................................................................................................... wereVcastVawayVin
aVstormVonVtheVhighVseasV.V.V.VandVwereVcompelledVtoVputVintoVanVopenVboat.
..............................................................................................................................TheyVhadVnoVsupply
ofVwaterVandVnoVsupplyVofVfood.V.V.V.VThatVonVtheVeighteenthVdayV.V.V.VtheysuggestedVthatVone
shouldVbeVsacrificedVtoVsaveVtheVrest.V.V.V.VThatVnextVdayV.V.V.VtheyV.V.V.VwentVtoVtheVboy
............................................................................................................................................ putVaVknife
intoVhisVthroatVandVkilledVhimV.V.V.VtheVthreeVmenVfedVuponVtheVbody
............................................................................................................... ofVtheVboyVforVfourVdays;V[then]
theVboatVwasVpickedVupVbyVaVpassingVvessel,VandV[they]VwereVrescued.V.V.V.VandVcommittedVf
orVtrial.V.V.V.VifVtheVmenVhadVnotVfedVuponVtheVbodyVofVtheVboyVtheyVwouldVprobablyVnotVhav
eVsurvivedVtoVbeVsoVpickedVupVandVrescued,VbutVwould
............................................................ haveVdiedVofVfamine.VTheVboy,VbeingVinVaVmuchVweaker
condition,VwasVlikelyVtoVhaveVdiedVbeforeVthem ..TheVrealVquestionVinVthisVcaseV[is]VwhetherVkilling
underVtheVconditionsVsetVforth ... beVorVbeVnotVmurder.”VDoVyouVconsiderVtheVactsVtoVbeVimmoral?
[ReginaVv.VDudleyVandVStephens,V14VQueensVBenchVDivisionV273V(1884)]
Answer:VThisVpointsVoutVthatVtheVlegalVsystemVhasVlimits.VItsVacceptabilityVisVdictatedVbyVlegalVcultu
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 1
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, re--
whichVdeterminesVwhetherVlawVwillVbeVenforced,Vobeyed,Vavoided,VorVabused.VItVisVlimitedVbyVt
heVinformalVrulesVofVtheVsociety--
itsVcustomsVandVvalues.VOneVlimitVisVtheVextentVtoVwhichVsocietyVwillVallowVtheVformalVrulesVto
VbeVimposedVwhenVaVcrimeVisVcommittedVinVoddVcircumstances.VHereVthereVwasVanVintentiona
lVmurder.VDoesVtheVmotiveVforVtheVmurder,VtheVeffortVtoVsaveVseveralVlivesVbyVsacrificingVone
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 2
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, life,VmakeVitVaVcrimeVthatVshouldVbeVpunished?VNotVallVcrimesVareVtreatedVtheVsame.VItValsoV
raisesVquestionsVaboutVtheVdesirabilityVofVnotVgivingVjudgesVflexibilityVinVsentencing.
ThereVwasVaVprecedentVforVaVlightVsentenceVinVthisVcaseVinVU.S.Vlaw:VU.S.Vv.VHolmes,V20VF.
VCas.V360V(No.V15383)V(C.C.E.D.VPa.V1842).VTheVcaseVinvolvedVaVsinkingVoceanVliner.VSever
alVpassengersVmadeVitVtoVtheVonlyVlifeboat,VwhichVwasVfarVtooVovercrowded.VTheVcaptainVdeci
dedVtoVsaveVtheVwomenVandVchildrenVandVthrewVseveralVmenVoverboard.VTheVlifeboatVwasVre
scued.VTheVgrandVjuryVrefusedVtoV indictVtheVcaptainVfromVmurder,VonlyVforVmanslaughter.VHeV
gotVaVsixVmonthVsentence.
TheVBritishVjudgeVinVtheVcaseVhereVimposedVtheVdeathVpenaltyVuponVtheVpersonVwhoVsurvi
ved.VTheVjudgeVfoundVitVdifficultVtoVruleVthatVeveryVmanVonVboardVhadVtheVrightVtoVmakeVl
awVbyVhisVownVhand.VTheVCrownVreducedVtheVsentenceVtoVsixVmonths.
2. SmokingVisVaVseriousVhealthVhazard.VCigarettesVareVlegal.VShouldVcigaretteVmanufacturersVbe
VliableVforVtheVseriousVillnessesVandVuntimelyVdeathsVcausedVbyVtheirVunavoidablyVdangerousV
products,VevenVthoughVtheyVpostVaVwarningVonVtheVpackageVandVconsumersVvoluntarilyVassu
meVtheVhealthVrisksVbyVsmoking?V[CipolloneVv.VLiggettVGroup,VInc.,V505VU.S.V504V(1992)]
Answer:VTheVgeneralVruleVthatVexistsVnowVisVthatVsinceVtheVgovernmentVhasVorderedVtheVpostingV
ofVwarningVlabelsVonVcigarettes,VandVsinceVtheVdangersVofVsmokingVareVwellVknown,Vconsume
rsVhaveVbeenVwarnedVandVareVnotVdueVcompensationVifVtheyVkillVthemselvesVbyVsmoking.VThe
VCippolineVcase,VsinceVreviewedVbyVtheVSupremeVCourt,VappearsVtoVbeVofVlimitedVimpactVsinc
eVtheVvictimVwasVadjudgedVtoVhaveVbecomeVaddictedVtoVcigarettesVbeforeVtheVwarningVlabelV
wasVorderedVinV1964.VIfVcigaretteVmakersVwereVheldVresponsibleVforVallVhealthVproblemsVasso
ciatedVwithVcigarettes,Vthen,VlikeValcoholVandVotherVdangerousVproducts,VtheVdamagesVwouldVli
kelyVbeVsoVhighVitVwouldVeffectivelyVbanVtheVproducts.VPresumably,VinVaVfreeVsocietyVifVadults
VareVclearlyVinformedVofVtheVrisksVofVproductsVthatVcannotVbeVmadeVsafe,VtheyVacceptVtheVris
k.VTobaccoVandValcoholVproducersVcannotVtakeVtheVdangersVoutVofVtheVproductsVexceptVatVth
eVmarginVbyVencouragingVresponsibleVdrinkingVandVtheVlike.VAreVdrugsVlikeVcocaineVdifferent?
3. TwoVeight-year-oldVboysVwereVseriouslyVinjuredVwhenVridingVHondaVmini-
trailVbikes.VTheVboysVwereVridingVonVpublicVstreets,VranVaVstopVsign,VandVwereVhitVbyVaVtruck.
VTheVbikesVhadVclearVwarningVlabelsVonVtheVfrontVstatingVtheyVwereVonlyVforVoff-
roadVuse.VTheVmanualVstatedVtheVbikesVwereVnotVtoVbeVusedVonVpublicVstreets.VTheVparentsV
suedVHonda.VTheVsupremeVcourtVofVWashingtonVsaidVoneVbasicVissueVexisted:V“IsVaVmanufact
urerVliableVwhenVchildrenVareVinjuredVwhileVridingVoneVofVitsVmini-
trailVbikesVonVaVpublicVroadVinVviolationVofVmanufacturerVandVparentalVwarnings?”VIsVitVunethic
alVtoVmakeVproductsVlikeVmini-
trailVbikesVchildrenVwillVuseVwhenVweVknowVaccidentsVlikeVthisVwillVhappen?V[BaughnVv.VHond
aVMotorVCo.,V727VP.2dV655VSup.VCt,VWash.,V(1986)]
Answer:VTheVcourtVfoundVnoVliabilityVforVtheVmanufacturers.VThereVwasVnoVdefect;VtheVproductVwa
sVsafeVforVintendedVuse.VSafetyVinstructionsVwereVclear;VtheVparentsVletVtheVboysVrideVtheVbik
es.VAnythingVcanVbeVdangerous--
baseballsVareVdangerousVwhenVtheyVhitVtheVhead,VswingsVareVdangerousVwhenVkidsVjumpVout
VofVthem;VthereVisVonlyVsoVmuchVthatVcanVbeVdoneVtoVmakeVtheVgovernmentVtheV―nationalVn
anny‖VasVtheVWashingtonVPostVonceVsaidVaboutVexcessiveVconsumerVprotection.VParentsVmust
VacceptVaVhighVdegreeVofVresponsibleVforVtheirVownVchildren.
4. JohnsonVControlsVadoptedVaV“fetalVprotectionVpolicy”VthatVwomenVofVchildbearingVageVcouldVn
otVworkVinVtheVbattery-
makingVdivisionVofVtheVcompany.VExposureVtoVleadVinVtheVbatteryVoperationVcouldVcauseVharm
VtoVunbornVbabies.VTheVcompanyVwasVconcernedVaboutVpossibleVlegalVliabilityVforVinjuryVsuffer
edVbyVbabiesVofVmothersVwhoVhadVworkedVinVtheVbatteryVdivision.VTheVSupremeVCourtVheldVt
heVcompanyVpolicyVwasVillegal.VItVwasVanV“excuseVforVdenyingVwomenVequalVemploymentVopp
ortunities.”VIsVtheVCourtVforcingVtheVcompanyVtoVbeVunethicalVbyVallowingVpregnantVwomenVw
hoVignoreVtheVwarningsVtoVexposeVtheirVbabiesVtoVtheVlead?V[UnitedVAutoVWorkersVv.VJohnso
nVControls,V499VU.S.V187V(1991)]
Answer:VTheVCourtVheldVitVaVformVofVsexVdiscriminationVtoVpreventVwomenVofVchild-
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 3
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
, bearingVageVfromVholdingVtheVmoreVdangerousVjobs.VTheVcompanyVarguedVthatVitVdidVthisVtoV
protectVitselfVfromVpossibleVliabilityVinVcaseVofVdamageVtoVbabiesVandVthatVtheVdecisionVwasV
ethical.VTheVreplacementsVforVtheseVworkersVwereVoftenVmenVorVmoreVseniorVwomen,VwhoVte
ndedVtoVbeVhigherVincomeVworkers,VsoVthis
©V2022VCengage.VAllVRightsVReserved.VMayVnotVbeVscanned,VcopiedVorVduplicated,VorVpostedVtoVaVpubl 4
iclyVaccessible
website,VinVwholeVorVinVpart.
