NU 545 UNIT 2 EXAM | QUESTION AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS |
LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What are the 3 major structural divisions of the brain? p.440
1- Forebrain
2- Midbrain
3-Hindbrain
What is the brainstem comprised of? p. 440
Midbrain, medulla, pons
What connects the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord? p. 440
Brainstem
What 2 parts make up the Forebrain? p. 441
Telencephalon & Diencephalon
Consist of the cerebral cortex (the largest portion of the brain) & basal ganglia
cerebral hemispheres, & rhinencephalon (olfaction)
Telencephalon p. 440
Outer layer of the cerebral cortex. It is organized into columns perpendicular to
the surface that receive, integrate, store, and transmit information.
Grey Matter p. 441
Lies beneath the cerebral cortex and is composed of myelinated nerve fibers
(Axons)
White Matter p. 441
2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep groove known as what?
Longitudinal Fissure P. 441
What is responsible for goal-oriented behavior (ability to concentrate), short term
recall memory, elaboration of thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional)
areas of the CNS?
Prefrontal area p. 441
What area of the brain is involved in programming motor movements?
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6) p. 441
Which area of the brain controls eye movements?
Frontal eye fields (lower portion of brodmann area 8) p. 442
Which area of the brain has a somatotopic organization that often is referred to as
a homunculus (little man)? Electrical stimulation of specific areas of this cortex
causes specific muscles of the body to move
Primary Motor area (Brodmann area 4) p. 442
Located in the inferior frontal lobe is an important center for speech and
language processing?
Broca area p. 442
Injury to this area results in difficulty forming or inability to form words
Broca Area p. 442
This lobe contains major area for somatic sensory input
Parietal lobe p. 442
Primary visual cortex is located in this region and receives input from the retinas
Occipital Lobe p. 442
,Composed of the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri. Primary auditory
complex
Temporal lobe p. 443
This area is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, sensory
speech area. Damage to this area may result in aphasia or dysphagia.
Wernicke area p. 444
This area processes Sensory and emotional information and routes information
to other parts of the brain
Insula (Insular lobe) p. 444
Important for coordination of voluntary movement and cognitive and emotional
functions
The nuclei of the basal ganglia p. 445
Part of the motor control system that causes involuntary reflexes and has a
stabilizing effect on motor control
Extrapyramidal system p. 446
Mediates emotion and long-term memory through connections in the prefrontal
cortex. Primitive behavioral responses, viceral reaction to emotion, motivation,
mood, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, and sense of smell.
Limbic system p. 446
Function is to maintain a constant internal environment and implement
behavioral patterns. Regulate temperature, endocrine function, and adjust
emotional expression
Hypothalamus p. 446
Involved in voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements (ability of the eyes
to tract objects)
Superior Colliculi p. 446
Involve movements affecting the auditory system (positioning head to improve
hearing)
Inferior Colliculi p. 447
Dysfunction of the _____ in the _______ is associated with parkinson disease and
schizophrenia.
1- Dopaminergic Neurons
2- substantia nigra
The 2 major structures of the metencephalon (part of hindbrain)
Cerbellum and pons
Responsible for reflexive, involuntary fine tuning of motor control and for
maintaining balance and posture
Cerebellum p. 447
This area has ipsilateral (same side) control of the body
Cerebellum p. 447
This area has contralateral (opposite side) control of the body
Cerebral cortex p. 447
This forms the lowest portion of the brainstem
Melencephalon (Medulla Oblongata) p. 447
Responsible for heart rate, respirations, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting
, Medulla Oblongata p. 447
These villi function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood but
preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid space
Arachnoid Villi p. 451
The primary defect in this disease is the loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons
in the substantia nigra pars compacta with dopaminergic deficiency in the
putamen portion of the striatum.
Dopamine loss also occurs in the brain stem, thalamus, and cortex.
Primary defect in Parkinson's disease p. 536
The primary defect in this disease is on the short arm of Chromosome 4. There is
a defect in the HTT gene. Severe degeneration of the striatum. The degeneration
of the basal ganglia leaves enlarged lateral ventricles.
Primary defect in Huntington Disease p. 534
The intracranial and spinal cord structures float in ____ and are partially
protected from jolts and blows. Its buoyant properties also prevent the brain from
tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels.
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid p. 450
Where is CSF produced? p. 450
Choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
Where is CSF absorbed? p. 451
it is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through a pressure gradient between the
arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous sinuses.
Blood flow to the Brain. p. 452-453
Arterial supply of blood to the brain from 2 systems: Internal carotid arteries and
vertebral arteries
-Internal carotid arteries inter the brain through the cranium through the base of the skull
and pass through cavernous sinus. Then they divide into anterior and middle cerebral
arteries.
-Vertebral arteries originate at the subclavian arteries and pass through the transverse
foramina of the cervical vertebrae, entering the cranium through the foramen magnum.
They join at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery.
The basilar artery divides at the midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral arteries.
-Three major paired arteries perfuse the cerebellum and brainstem: posterior inferior
cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and superior cerebellar artery. They
originate from the basilar artery.
What is this theory of pain? p. 469
Pain transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal
cord where cells in the substantia gelatinosa function as a gate. The spinal gate
regulates pain transmission to higher centers in the CNS. Large myelinated A-
delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful
stimuli. These fibers terminate on interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa and
open to the spinal gate to transmit the perception of pain.
Gate Control Theory (GCT)
Two types of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses? p. 470
A-Delta fibers- sharp sensations
C fibers- dull, aching, burning sensations
LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What are the 3 major structural divisions of the brain? p.440
1- Forebrain
2- Midbrain
3-Hindbrain
What is the brainstem comprised of? p. 440
Midbrain, medulla, pons
What connects the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord? p. 440
Brainstem
What 2 parts make up the Forebrain? p. 441
Telencephalon & Diencephalon
Consist of the cerebral cortex (the largest portion of the brain) & basal ganglia
cerebral hemispheres, & rhinencephalon (olfaction)
Telencephalon p. 440
Outer layer of the cerebral cortex. It is organized into columns perpendicular to
the surface that receive, integrate, store, and transmit information.
Grey Matter p. 441
Lies beneath the cerebral cortex and is composed of myelinated nerve fibers
(Axons)
White Matter p. 441
2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep groove known as what?
Longitudinal Fissure P. 441
What is responsible for goal-oriented behavior (ability to concentrate), short term
recall memory, elaboration of thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional)
areas of the CNS?
Prefrontal area p. 441
What area of the brain is involved in programming motor movements?
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6) p. 441
Which area of the brain controls eye movements?
Frontal eye fields (lower portion of brodmann area 8) p. 442
Which area of the brain has a somatotopic organization that often is referred to as
a homunculus (little man)? Electrical stimulation of specific areas of this cortex
causes specific muscles of the body to move
Primary Motor area (Brodmann area 4) p. 442
Located in the inferior frontal lobe is an important center for speech and
language processing?
Broca area p. 442
Injury to this area results in difficulty forming or inability to form words
Broca Area p. 442
This lobe contains major area for somatic sensory input
Parietal lobe p. 442
Primary visual cortex is located in this region and receives input from the retinas
Occipital Lobe p. 442
,Composed of the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri. Primary auditory
complex
Temporal lobe p. 443
This area is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, sensory
speech area. Damage to this area may result in aphasia or dysphagia.
Wernicke area p. 444
This area processes Sensory and emotional information and routes information
to other parts of the brain
Insula (Insular lobe) p. 444
Important for coordination of voluntary movement and cognitive and emotional
functions
The nuclei of the basal ganglia p. 445
Part of the motor control system that causes involuntary reflexes and has a
stabilizing effect on motor control
Extrapyramidal system p. 446
Mediates emotion and long-term memory through connections in the prefrontal
cortex. Primitive behavioral responses, viceral reaction to emotion, motivation,
mood, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, and sense of smell.
Limbic system p. 446
Function is to maintain a constant internal environment and implement
behavioral patterns. Regulate temperature, endocrine function, and adjust
emotional expression
Hypothalamus p. 446
Involved in voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements (ability of the eyes
to tract objects)
Superior Colliculi p. 446
Involve movements affecting the auditory system (positioning head to improve
hearing)
Inferior Colliculi p. 447
Dysfunction of the _____ in the _______ is associated with parkinson disease and
schizophrenia.
1- Dopaminergic Neurons
2- substantia nigra
The 2 major structures of the metencephalon (part of hindbrain)
Cerbellum and pons
Responsible for reflexive, involuntary fine tuning of motor control and for
maintaining balance and posture
Cerebellum p. 447
This area has ipsilateral (same side) control of the body
Cerebellum p. 447
This area has contralateral (opposite side) control of the body
Cerebral cortex p. 447
This forms the lowest portion of the brainstem
Melencephalon (Medulla Oblongata) p. 447
Responsible for heart rate, respirations, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting
, Medulla Oblongata p. 447
These villi function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood but
preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid space
Arachnoid Villi p. 451
The primary defect in this disease is the loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons
in the substantia nigra pars compacta with dopaminergic deficiency in the
putamen portion of the striatum.
Dopamine loss also occurs in the brain stem, thalamus, and cortex.
Primary defect in Parkinson's disease p. 536
The primary defect in this disease is on the short arm of Chromosome 4. There is
a defect in the HTT gene. Severe degeneration of the striatum. The degeneration
of the basal ganglia leaves enlarged lateral ventricles.
Primary defect in Huntington Disease p. 534
The intracranial and spinal cord structures float in ____ and are partially
protected from jolts and blows. Its buoyant properties also prevent the brain from
tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels.
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid p. 450
Where is CSF produced? p. 450
Choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
Where is CSF absorbed? p. 451
it is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through a pressure gradient between the
arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous sinuses.
Blood flow to the Brain. p. 452-453
Arterial supply of blood to the brain from 2 systems: Internal carotid arteries and
vertebral arteries
-Internal carotid arteries inter the brain through the cranium through the base of the skull
and pass through cavernous sinus. Then they divide into anterior and middle cerebral
arteries.
-Vertebral arteries originate at the subclavian arteries and pass through the transverse
foramina of the cervical vertebrae, entering the cranium through the foramen magnum.
They join at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery.
The basilar artery divides at the midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral arteries.
-Three major paired arteries perfuse the cerebellum and brainstem: posterior inferior
cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and superior cerebellar artery. They
originate from the basilar artery.
What is this theory of pain? p. 469
Pain transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal
cord where cells in the substantia gelatinosa function as a gate. The spinal gate
regulates pain transmission to higher centers in the CNS. Large myelinated A-
delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful
stimuli. These fibers terminate on interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa and
open to the spinal gate to transmit the perception of pain.
Gate Control Theory (GCT)
Two types of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses? p. 470
A-Delta fibers- sharp sensations
C fibers- dull, aching, burning sensations
