MICROBIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT

MICROBIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT


◉ Compare/contrast gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria. Answer: Gram (+)
1. thick peptidoglycan
2. small periplasmic space
3. Teichoic acid


Gram (-)
1. THIN peptidoglycan
2. LPS
3. Porins
4. Large periplasmic space


◉ Plasmids carry genes for?. Answer: 1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Resistance to heavy metals (Hg, Ag)
3. Resistance to UV light
4. Pili
5. Exotoxins

,◉ Bacterial shapes: cocci. Answer: - diplococci (pair)
- streptococci
- tetrad (4)
- staphylococci
- Sarcina (cube of 8)


◉ Bacterial shapes: Rods (Bacilli). Answer: -chain of bacilli
-flagellate rods
-spore former


◉ Bacterial shapes: Spirals. Answer: -Vibrios
-Spirilla
-Spirochaetes


◉ The shape of a bacterium is determined by its _____. Answer: rigid
cell wall


◉ Smallest and largest bacteria. Answer: Smallest:
Mycoplasma


Largest: Bacillus anthracis

, ◉ Bacteria is a prokaryote with the following characteristics : ______.
Answer: -no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
-chromosomes and plasmids freely float in cytoplasm


◉ Function of cells wall. Answer: • Provides structural
support
• Made of peptidoglycan
(polysaccharide)


◉ Function of capsule. Answer: Sticky outer layer
for protection and
attachment


◉ Function of plasma cell membrane. Answer: • Directs what enters
and exits
• Phospholipid bilayer


◉ Differences in cell walls gram (-) and (+). Answer:


◉ Gram positive bacteria structure. Answer: • Inner plasma cell
membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
• Thick 'peptidoglycan' cell wall