MICROBIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE FINAL
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ By hiding within a host cell, which of the following immune
responses can be avoided? Answer: -complement proteins
-antibody hiding
-engulfment by phagocytes
◉ Inside the body, invading microorganisms soon encounter the
________ and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, as a group they
have evolved a variety of mechanisms to _________ these defenses.
Answer: innate; avoid
◉ Because bacteria often use adhesions to attach to host cells, they
are often located... Answer: -at the tips of pili/fimbriae structures on
the outside of cells
-as a component of the bacterial cell wall's outer edge
-as a component of a bacterial capsule structure
◉ True or false:
,A person is ONLY contagious to other individuals during the illness
phase of an infectious disease, where he or she is presenting signs
and symptoms. Answer: false
◉ Phagocytosis involves multiple steps. Each of these steps is
potentially a target for microbes to modify or avoid as a means of
evading immune response mechanisms. What is the correct order
for the steps involved in phagocytosis of a microbe? Answer: 1.
chemotaxis
2. recognition/attachment
3. engulfment
4. fusion of phagosome with lysosome
◉ The _______ stage of an infectious disease is the period of
recuperation and recovery. Answer: convalescence stage
◉ Match each of the following with being either a symptom or a
sign:
-pain--
-nausea--
-fever of 102 degrees F--
-muscle soreness/weakness--
-an elevated white blood cell count--
-rash--
, -pus formation-- Answer: -pain--symptom
-nausea--symptom
-fever of 102 degrees F--sign
-muscle soreness/weakness--symptom
-an elevated white blood cell count--sign
-rash--sign
-pus formation--sign
◉ The infectious dose is Answer: the number of microbes necessary
to establish an infection
◉ Infectious diseases that ______ from one host to another are called
communicable, or ________ diseases. Answer: spread; contagious
◉ Which of the following microbes is a good example of a bacterium
that can escape from the phagosome and survive following
phagocytosis? Answer: -Listeria monocytogenes
-Shigella species
◉ Coxiella burnetii is a microbe that can survive phagocytosis by
Answer: delaying fusion of the phagosome with lysosome until it has
built up an ability to survive after the two after fused
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ By hiding within a host cell, which of the following immune
responses can be avoided? Answer: -complement proteins
-antibody hiding
-engulfment by phagocytes
◉ Inside the body, invading microorganisms soon encounter the
________ and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, as a group they
have evolved a variety of mechanisms to _________ these defenses.
Answer: innate; avoid
◉ Because bacteria often use adhesions to attach to host cells, they
are often located... Answer: -at the tips of pili/fimbriae structures on
the outside of cells
-as a component of the bacterial cell wall's outer edge
-as a component of a bacterial capsule structure
◉ True or false:
,A person is ONLY contagious to other individuals during the illness
phase of an infectious disease, where he or she is presenting signs
and symptoms. Answer: false
◉ Phagocytosis involves multiple steps. Each of these steps is
potentially a target for microbes to modify or avoid as a means of
evading immune response mechanisms. What is the correct order
for the steps involved in phagocytosis of a microbe? Answer: 1.
chemotaxis
2. recognition/attachment
3. engulfment
4. fusion of phagosome with lysosome
◉ The _______ stage of an infectious disease is the period of
recuperation and recovery. Answer: convalescence stage
◉ Match each of the following with being either a symptom or a
sign:
-pain--
-nausea--
-fever of 102 degrees F--
-muscle soreness/weakness--
-an elevated white blood cell count--
-rash--
, -pus formation-- Answer: -pain--symptom
-nausea--symptom
-fever of 102 degrees F--sign
-muscle soreness/weakness--symptom
-an elevated white blood cell count--sign
-rash--sign
-pus formation--sign
◉ The infectious dose is Answer: the number of microbes necessary
to establish an infection
◉ Infectious diseases that ______ from one host to another are called
communicable, or ________ diseases. Answer: spread; contagious
◉ Which of the following microbes is a good example of a bacterium
that can escape from the phagosome and survive following
phagocytosis? Answer: -Listeria monocytogenes
-Shigella species
◉ Coxiella burnetii is a microbe that can survive phagocytosis by
Answer: delaying fusion of the phagosome with lysosome until it has
built up an ability to survive after the two after fused
