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Developmental of the PMHNP Role - know key dates?
,Adaptive Information Processing Model - definition, hypothesis, developer, how
it relates to psychopathology?
A framework for psychotherapy practice.
Developed by Shapiro as an EXPLANATORY THEORY FOR EMDR.
Metamodel for understanding mental health and psychopathology, and
provides direction for planning therapeutic interventions
AIP posits that normally information is taken in through the senses and
connected adaptively to other memory networks so that storing and learning
occur. There is thought to be innate self-healing in the brain and just as the
body strives for homeostasis, so too does the brain through the regulation and
processing of information through neural transmission. However, if something
is experienced as overwhelming emotionally, brain processing is interrupted
owing to the massive influx of hormones and neurotransmitters. It is as if our
brain is saying: “Don’t forget this, this is important!” These unprocessed
experiences are considered to be the basis of the symptoms of many mental
health problems and psychiatric disorders.
Once information processing is interrupted, the memory of the event becomes
fragmented. The emotion related to the experience may become
disconnected from the words to describe the event and/or the sound and/or
physical sensations. Thus, the fragmented memory is not integrated but stored
in the brain with each component existing in discrete units that are
disconnected or dissociated from each other. The memory is stored largely in
implicit or unconscious memory and is experienced as being in the present
once triggered.
Reactions to trauma/events are not in our control but come from neural
associations deep within memory networks that are not connected with the
, conscious mind.
Brain development - understand brain development patterns, critical periods
The brainstem develops first in utero and is responsible for regulating bodily
function such as heart rate, breathing, temperature, sleep, and states of
alertness.
The brain develops from the lower brain structure of the brainstem to the
midbrain through the limbic structures; the cortex is the last area and the most
“plastic” area of the brain. Neuroplasticity refers to areas that are responsive
to the environment and that can change. The lower brain structures such as the
brainstem are more fixed than the higher brain functions of the cortex, which
continue to develop throughout life.
The interplay of experience and developmental period is important in that
there are certain critical periods, especially in the first 3 y ears of life, when
specific neural networks are particularly malleable or plastic (Bergmann,
2020; Schore, 2019). The brain triples in size up to age 5 years, largely due to
myelinization, and this increases the rate of information processing. Infancy
and adolescence are two critical periods for the process of making new
neurons, or neurogenesis.
The right hemisphere develops first, and a left hemisphere growth spurt
occurs in the middle of the second year of life. The right hemisphere is more
densely connected with subcortical areas and is associated with the sense of
our bodies, images, perception of emotions, regulation of the ANS, and
unconscious memories, whereas the left is primarily responsible for language,
logic, and conscious problem-solving