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CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
The individual's view of self and the world are central to the determination
of emotions and behaviors and thus by changing one's thoughts, emotions
and behaviors can be changed.
CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
Posits that dysfunctional (or maladaptive) thoughts relating to self, world,
and/or others (aka the cognitive triad) is rooted in irrational or illogical
assumptions
Denial
avoiding the reality of painful reality by ignoring or refusing to
acknowledge reality (e.g., a man with schizophrenia denies that he is ill
and does not take his medication).
,Projection:
perceiving and reacting to unacceptable feelings and impulses as if
they were outside the self (e.g., instead of the person feeling anger,
anger is experienced as coming from others toward the person who is
doing the projecting, as during paranoid delusions).
Acting out
avoiding conscious experience of the emotion through impulsive action
(e.g., instead of feeling sad, a person gets drunk).
Regression
avoiding emotional pain through returning to an earlier level of
development (e.g., a child begins wetting the bed after a sibling is
born).
Hypochondria:
exaggerating an illness arising from unacceptable feelings (e.g., anger
and hostility are transformed into pain and somatic complaints).
Introjection: Defense Mechanism
internalizing the qualities of the other (e.g., identification with the
aggressor through which the person becomes aggressive to gain
control).
,Somatization
converting emotion into bodily symptoms (e.g., instead of getting angry,
the person gets a headache).
Splitting
inability to integrate positive with negative aspects of oneself and then
projecting this onto other people or situations (e.g., a woman tells her
husband she loves him one day and hates him the next day, even
though nothing has
changed to warrant this).
displacement (defense mechanism)
shift of emotion from a person or object to one that is less distressing
(e.g., instead of expressing anger at his boss, the man kicks his dog).
Dissociation
avoiding emotional distress through an altered state of consciousness,
such as fugue states or conversion reactions (e.g., a person loses
several hours of time and does not remember what happened).
Intellectualization Defense Mechanism
using intelligence to avoid intimacy and expression of disturbing feelings
(e.g., a woman explains in great detail all the pluses of the new city
where she is moving to assuage her anxiety about leaving a significant
relationship).
, Rationalization (defense mechanism)
offering explanations in an attempt to explain behaviors or feelings that
are
unacceptable (e.g., after doing poorly on a test, the student believes the
test or teacher is stupid).
reaction formation (defense mechanism)
transforming an unacceptable impulse into the opposite (e.g., a woman
unexpectedly runs into someone she does not like on the street and is
overly friendly).
Repression (defense mechanism)
thought to be the basis of all other defenses and involves
withholding from consciousness an idea or feeling that is
unacceptable (e.g., the child cannot remember her anger or hitting
her mother).
sublimation (defense mechanism)
channeling unacceptable impulses through pursuing socially acceptable
goals (e.g., a young man who is aggressive and impulsive pursues a career
as a boxing coach).
Suppression: Defense Mechanism
consciously deciding to forget an unpleasant feeling (e.g., a woman is
preoccupied with the illness of her father and decides to not worry
about it because there is nothing she can do about it).