PANCE Blueprint
Genitourinary - 2025 and
2026 Exam Prep Questions
and Answers
2026
Questions and Answers
(A+ Grade Guarantee)
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
1. What is stress incontinence? Weakness of the pelvic floor leads to loss of bladder sup-
port (with resultant hypermobility of the bladder neck). Urine
leakage due to abrupt increases in intra-abdominal pressure
(e.g., with coughing, sneezing, laughing, bending, or lifting).
Occurs mostly in women after multiple deliveries of children
2. What is urge incontinence? Overactive detrusor muscle results in increased frequency and
involuntary loss of urine.
Urge to urinate and may be unable to reach the bathroom
in time. Frequent urinary leakage also occurs at night and
disrupts sleep.
3. What is overflow inconti- Caused by incomplete bladder emptying that results in uri-
nence? nary leakage secondary to detrusor muscle underactivity (e.g.,
age, diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis) or bladder out-
let obstruction (e.g., fibroids and benign prostatic hyperpla-
sia)
4. What is functional inconti- Functional incontinence occurs in patients who have normal
nence? voiding systems, but who have difficulty reaching the toilet
because of physical or mental disabilities
5. What is mixed incontinence? Symptoms of both stress and urge incontinence
6. Define nocturnal enuresis Nocturnal enuresis is defined as involuntary urination in sleep
(bed-wetting) without urologic or neurologic causes after the age of 5 years,
at which time bladder control would normally be expected.
7. Causes of stress incontinence Secondary to several factors such as weakened pelvic floor
muscles (e.g., vaginal deliveries)
- Poor intrinsic sphincter function
- Increased urethral mobility
2026
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
8. Causes of urge incontinence In many cases of urge incontinence, it isn't possible to pin-
point an exact cause. However, some potential causes include:
- bladder infection
- bladder inflammation
- bladder stones
- obstruction of an opening of the bladder
- enlarged prostate
- bladder cancer
- diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis
(MS)
- an injury to the nervous system, such as trauma to the spinal
cord or a stroke
9. How is incontinence diag- - Urinalysis to rule out UTI
nosed? - Postvoid residual urine volume to identify urinary retention
Overflow has a high PVR
Stress and urge have a normal/low PVR
- Urodynamic studies can identify bladder contractions
Stress - normal bladder contractions
Urge - increased bladder contractions during the filling
phase
- Ultrasonography and cystoscopy can be used to determine
anatomic abnormalities
10. Treatment of urge inconti- Urge incontinence (detrusor overactivity) is treated with blad-
nence der-training exercises (the goal is to increase the amount of
time between voiding)
- If this is unsuccessful, medications include anticholinergics
(oxybutynin) and TCAs (imipramine)
11.
2026
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
Treatment of stress inconti- Stress incontinence (weakness of pelvic floor) is treated with
nence Kegel exercises, vaginal estrogens
use of a pessary, surgery (there are various options, and a
popular option is a mid-urethral sling)
12. Treatment of overflow inconti- Treatment is primarily medical: intermittent self-catheteriza-
nence (impaired detrusor con- tion is the best management
tractility) cholinergic agents (e.g., bethanechol) to increase bladder
contractions
α-blockers (e.g., terazosin, doxazosin) to decrease sphincter
resistance
13. Treatment of functional incon- Functional incontinence is treated with scheduled voiding
tinence times
14. Treatment of mixed inconti- Mixed incontinence is treated with lifestyle modifications and
nence pelvic floor exercises as first-line.
If unresponsive to first-line treatments, then therapy is based
on the predominant symptoms
15. A 45-year-old female com- Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele)
plaining of pressure in the
pelvis and vagina along with
discomfort when straining.
She also feels that her bladder
hasn't fully emptied after uri-
nating.
16. What is a cystocele? Posterior bladder herniating into the anterior vagina
2026
Genitourinary - 2025 and
2026 Exam Prep Questions
and Answers
2026
Questions and Answers
(A+ Grade Guarantee)
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
1. What is stress incontinence? Weakness of the pelvic floor leads to loss of bladder sup-
port (with resultant hypermobility of the bladder neck). Urine
leakage due to abrupt increases in intra-abdominal pressure
(e.g., with coughing, sneezing, laughing, bending, or lifting).
Occurs mostly in women after multiple deliveries of children
2. What is urge incontinence? Overactive detrusor muscle results in increased frequency and
involuntary loss of urine.
Urge to urinate and may be unable to reach the bathroom
in time. Frequent urinary leakage also occurs at night and
disrupts sleep.
3. What is overflow inconti- Caused by incomplete bladder emptying that results in uri-
nence? nary leakage secondary to detrusor muscle underactivity (e.g.,
age, diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis) or bladder out-
let obstruction (e.g., fibroids and benign prostatic hyperpla-
sia)
4. What is functional inconti- Functional incontinence occurs in patients who have normal
nence? voiding systems, but who have difficulty reaching the toilet
because of physical or mental disabilities
5. What is mixed incontinence? Symptoms of both stress and urge incontinence
6. Define nocturnal enuresis Nocturnal enuresis is defined as involuntary urination in sleep
(bed-wetting) without urologic or neurologic causes after the age of 5 years,
at which time bladder control would normally be expected.
7. Causes of stress incontinence Secondary to several factors such as weakened pelvic floor
muscles (e.g., vaginal deliveries)
- Poor intrinsic sphincter function
- Increased urethral mobility
2026
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
8. Causes of urge incontinence In many cases of urge incontinence, it isn't possible to pin-
point an exact cause. However, some potential causes include:
- bladder infection
- bladder inflammation
- bladder stones
- obstruction of an opening of the bladder
- enlarged prostate
- bladder cancer
- diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis
(MS)
- an injury to the nervous system, such as trauma to the spinal
cord or a stroke
9. How is incontinence diag- - Urinalysis to rule out UTI
nosed? - Postvoid residual urine volume to identify urinary retention
Overflow has a high PVR
Stress and urge have a normal/low PVR
- Urodynamic studies can identify bladder contractions
Stress - normal bladder contractions
Urge - increased bladder contractions during the filling
phase
- Ultrasonography and cystoscopy can be used to determine
anatomic abnormalities
10. Treatment of urge inconti- Urge incontinence (detrusor overactivity) is treated with blad-
nence der-training exercises (the goal is to increase the amount of
time between voiding)
- If this is unsuccessful, medications include anticholinergics
(oxybutynin) and TCAs (imipramine)
11.
2026
, PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary - All Smarty PANCE genitourinary flashcard
lesson sets combined (Smarty PANCE)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjpvk6
Treatment of stress inconti- Stress incontinence (weakness of pelvic floor) is treated with
nence Kegel exercises, vaginal estrogens
use of a pessary, surgery (there are various options, and a
popular option is a mid-urethral sling)
12. Treatment of overflow inconti- Treatment is primarily medical: intermittent self-catheteriza-
nence (impaired detrusor con- tion is the best management
tractility) cholinergic agents (e.g., bethanechol) to increase bladder
contractions
α-blockers (e.g., terazosin, doxazosin) to decrease sphincter
resistance
13. Treatment of functional incon- Functional incontinence is treated with scheduled voiding
tinence times
14. Treatment of mixed inconti- Mixed incontinence is treated with lifestyle modifications and
nence pelvic floor exercises as first-line.
If unresponsive to first-line treatments, then therapy is based
on the predominant symptoms
15. A 45-year-old female com- Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele)
plaining of pressure in the
pelvis and vagina along with
discomfort when straining.
She also feels that her bladder
hasn't fully emptied after uri-
nating.
16. What is a cystocele? Posterior bladder herniating into the anterior vagina
2026
