CGC Exam 1 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
Sustainability - When a natural system or resource has reached a point or equilibrium
whereby it can function correctly and survive for a long period of time.
Example of Sustainability-Answer water sustainability: When there is a confined aquifer
that has been given time to recharge without human interference with the natural
process.
Transpiration - Process in which water is directly evaporated from the soil or plants and
other forms of vegetation.
Example of Transpiration - Fertile soil along the bank of a river from where water is
transferred into the atmosphere
Watershed - An area of land that drains all its streams and rainfall into a common outlet
Example of Watershed - Lake Erie Watershed
Confined Aquifer - Answer Underground body of water that is surrounded by confining
layers of non-permeable materials such as rock or hard clay - prevents water from
flowing in and out except through a single recharge area - far below the surface
Example of Confined Aquifer - Answer centuries old aquifer far below the water table
surrounded by stone
Unconfined Aquifer - Solution Underground body of water whose upper limit is the water
table and whose lower limit consists of impermeable or less permeable materials -
nearer to land surface
, Example of Unconfined Aquifer - Solution an aquifer being pumped into a well - coastal
sands and alluvial deposits in river valleys
(Conservation of) Mass Balance Equation - Solution dV/dt = I-O
Example of Mass Balance Equation - Solution The conservation of mass can be stated as
the difference of the rate of inflow, I, and outflow, O, is equal to the time rate of change
of mass, dV/dt, inside of the control volume. V is the volume of water within the control
volume, I and O are volumetric inflow and outflow rates, respectively.
Induced Recharge - Answer Recharge to an aquifer that occurs when a pumping well
creates a cone of depression that lowers an adjacent water table below the level of a
stream or lake with the result that the stream or lake loses water to the adjacent
groundwater aquifer.
Example of Induced Recharge - Answer The slow process of induced recharge is being
superceded by excessive pumping.
Water Footprint - Your personal contribution to taking away from the world's water
supplies by your consumption of water during your lifetime or during any time period
Example of Water Footprint - Answer The water I consume on a weekly basis by
showering, doing dishes, washing and drying clothing, consuming food, etc
Virtual Water Usage-Answer This refers to the water used to create consumer goods
Example of Virtual Water Usage - Answer the water used to raise cows, package the
meat, ship it, cook it, and consume it OR the water used to grow cotton plants, harvest
them, make them into clothes, and ship the clothes
Baxter Answer Optimal Pollution An amount of pollution that one can live with. It occurs
when sacrificed luxuries that produce pollution result in a belief that freedom from all
types of pollution cannot be achieved. The marginal benefit and cost of pollution are
Sustainability - When a natural system or resource has reached a point or equilibrium
whereby it can function correctly and survive for a long period of time.
Example of Sustainability-Answer water sustainability: When there is a confined aquifer
that has been given time to recharge without human interference with the natural
process.
Transpiration - Process in which water is directly evaporated from the soil or plants and
other forms of vegetation.
Example of Transpiration - Fertile soil along the bank of a river from where water is
transferred into the atmosphere
Watershed - An area of land that drains all its streams and rainfall into a common outlet
Example of Watershed - Lake Erie Watershed
Confined Aquifer - Answer Underground body of water that is surrounded by confining
layers of non-permeable materials such as rock or hard clay - prevents water from
flowing in and out except through a single recharge area - far below the surface
Example of Confined Aquifer - Answer centuries old aquifer far below the water table
surrounded by stone
Unconfined Aquifer - Solution Underground body of water whose upper limit is the water
table and whose lower limit consists of impermeable or less permeable materials -
nearer to land surface
, Example of Unconfined Aquifer - Solution an aquifer being pumped into a well - coastal
sands and alluvial deposits in river valleys
(Conservation of) Mass Balance Equation - Solution dV/dt = I-O
Example of Mass Balance Equation - Solution The conservation of mass can be stated as
the difference of the rate of inflow, I, and outflow, O, is equal to the time rate of change
of mass, dV/dt, inside of the control volume. V is the volume of water within the control
volume, I and O are volumetric inflow and outflow rates, respectively.
Induced Recharge - Answer Recharge to an aquifer that occurs when a pumping well
creates a cone of depression that lowers an adjacent water table below the level of a
stream or lake with the result that the stream or lake loses water to the adjacent
groundwater aquifer.
Example of Induced Recharge - Answer The slow process of induced recharge is being
superceded by excessive pumping.
Water Footprint - Your personal contribution to taking away from the world's water
supplies by your consumption of water during your lifetime or during any time period
Example of Water Footprint - Answer The water I consume on a weekly basis by
showering, doing dishes, washing and drying clothing, consuming food, etc
Virtual Water Usage-Answer This refers to the water used to create consumer goods
Example of Virtual Water Usage - Answer the water used to raise cows, package the
meat, ship it, cook it, and consume it OR the water used to grow cotton plants, harvest
them, make them into clothes, and ship the clothes
Baxter Answer Optimal Pollution An amount of pollution that one can live with. It occurs
when sacrificed luxuries that produce pollution result in a belief that freedom from all
types of pollution cannot be achieved. The marginal benefit and cost of pollution are
