NAVLE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
A 4-year-old ferret is presented with weakness, depression, lethargy, ptyalism, and
posterior paresis. The owner relates that these symptoms typically occur every morning
before feeding and usually become less severe after the patient eats. Recently, the
symptoms have become more severe and protracted. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
a. Adrenal cortical neoplasia
b. Insulinoma
c. Lymphoma
d. Leiomyosarcoma
e. Pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma - ANSWER B: Insulinoma. Insulinomas are the
most common tumors in ferrets between 3 and 5 years of age. These are
insulinproducing beta-cell tumors that through the excessive secretion of insulin, cause
clinical signs related to hypoglycemia (ie, depression, collapse, seizures, lethargy,
ptyalism, paresis). The symptoms may be accentuated after periods of glucose
ingestion or depletion, as with exercise or overnight fasting. Diagnosis Blood glucose
less than 60 mg/dl and insulin levels greater than 250 pmol/L.
A distressed and vocalizing 7-year-old domestic shorthair cat is examined for acute
bilateral hindlimb paralysis. On physical examination, a grade 3/6 left-sided systolic
murmur is auscultated. The femoral pulses of the patient are absent and the footpads
are cold and pale with painful contracture of the gastrocnemius and quadriceps
muscles. Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis? a. Intervertebral
disc disease b. Fibrocartilaginous infarct c. Arterial thromboembolism
c. Spinal cord neoplasia
d. Viral myelitis - ANSWER C: Arterial thromboembolism. Thrombus formation within the
left heart with resultant systemic embolization at the aortic trifurcation is a serious and
common sequela of myocardial disease in the cat. Clot formation within the left heart is
ameliorated by decreased blood flow and endothelial damage associated with cardiac
disease. When an embolus becomes loose and is transported into the systemic
circulation, it will commonly occlude the distal aortic trifurcation and produce
symptoms such as intense vocalization, paralysis or paresis, absent femoral pulses, and
cold extremities. Medical management includes treatment of the underlying heart
,disease, providing exercise restriction and low-dose aspirin every 3 days.
Which of the following is the most common cause of exophthalmos in cattle?
a. Sinusitis
b. Extracranial meningioma
c. Retrobulbar lymphosarcoma
d. Glaucoma
e. Orbital arteriovenous fistula ANSWER C: Retrobulbar lymphosarcoma.
Lymphosarcoma that invades the retrobulbar tissues is the most common cause of
exophthalmos in cattle and usually carries an extremely poor prognosis because
affected cattle usually live less than a year after diagnosis. Other physical exam findings
may include lymphadenopathy or melena due to diffuse spread of the neoplasia.
An 8-year-old Labrador Retriever is evaluated for progressive foreleg lameness of
approximately 2 months' duration. Physical examination shows marked soft tissue
swelling involving the carpus, and palpation of this region causes significant pain.
Radiographs of the affected region demonstrate severe lysis of the distal radius with
erosion of cortical bone. A needle biopsy discloses osteoblasts with frequent mitotic
figures, eccentric nuclei, and deeply basophilic cytoplasm. If amputation is elected by
the owner, what is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy post-procedure?
a. Vincristine
b. Prednisone
c. Cyclophosphamide
d. Azathioprine
e. Cisplatin - ANSWER E: Cisplatin. Based on history and diagnostic findings, the
presumptive diagnosis in this patient would be osteosarcoma of the distal radius,
representing the most common bone neoplasia in large breed dogs. Once diagnosed,
treatment of choice is amputation of the affected limb followed by chemotherapy with
the drug cisplatin, which usually affords a survival rate of little over a year.
Camels are very vulnerable to this infection due to whipworms. Whipworms are thought
,to be the most prevalent cause of diarrhea in adult camels in the U.S. Ivermectin- being
that one of the more overused drugs, is generally not very effective due to its time
development against the whipworm. Panacur is the most effective and safe dewormer
for camels for whipworms - ANSWER Whipworms in camels
Meningeal worm in alpacas and llamas-aberrant hosts, definitive host is the white-tailed
deer. Clinical signs: hypermetria, ataxia, stiffness, muscle weakness, posterior paresis,
paralysis, arching neck, and circling. generally begin in the hind limbs and progress to
the front limbs. Eosinophilia in the CSF fluid - ANSWER Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
alpaca congenital defect. This results when the usual opening between the nasal and
pharyngeal passages is completely closed by membranous tissue and/or bone. It is
manifested by labored respiration, prolonged and labored expiration, open-mouth
breathing, choking and gagging when nursing, cyanosis, debility, poor weight gain, and
aerophagia. Euthanasia is usually indicated; prognosis, especially for long-term quality
of life, is poor even with surgical correction. These animals frequently have other
congenital abnormalities including polydactyly, cardia, renal or reproductive organ
defects. - ANSWER Choanal atresia
most common chronic disease seen in aquarium fish, and lesions include skeletal
deformations and ulceration/erosion of the fin - ANSWER Mycobacteriosis in fish
be caused by an iridovirus and infect both saltwater and freshwater fish. Symptoms
include growths on the skin, fins, and occasionally gills in a cauliflower shape. -
ANSWER Lymphocystis disease of fish
"Ich" Largest protozoan parasite of the fish - typically infects fish maintained in an
aquarium or hatchery type setting. Clinical signs - erratic swimming and white spots on
skin/gills - ANSWER Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Tricaine methanesulfanate (MS222) - 21 day withdrawal period - ANSWER Fish
anaesthesia
most common bacterial pathogen of fish clinical signs are whitish plaques that may have
a red peripheral zone which then become erosions/ulcers and lead to necrosis of the
, skin - ANSWER Aeromonas salmonicida
Occurs commonly in lizards, turtles and snakes. Aeromonas adn Pseudomonas spp are
commonly isolated from the lesions. Clinical sings include petechiation and caseous
material build up with the mouth. Treatment is aimed at debridement and antibiotics -
ANSWER infectious stomatitis
characterised by swollen eyelids - ANSWER Turtle Vitamin A Deficiency
Ulcerative Dermatitis in lizards/snakes - ANSWER scale rot
Exact cause is known, but a retrovirus is strongly suspected. Also, it appears that the
snake mite, Ophionyssus natricus is involved with transmission History or regurgitation
of the past two weeks and no an inability to right itself. - ANSWER Inculsion body
disease in snake
SCUD - Citrobacter dreudii causes pitted scutes that slough with underlying purulent
exudate, petechia on the skin and liver necrosis also common - good husbandry and
Chloramphenicol - ANSWER Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles
Red leg in frog - ANSWER bacterial septicaemia
Clinical signs: change in behavior such as hyperactivity and irritability, anorexia, and
enlarged abdomen. They are most likely to present from November to June. On physical
exam you can usually palpate the lumps on the abdomen which are the large eggs.
Intervention in the form of an ovariohysterectomy is performed if attempts at inducing
oviposition fail. - ANSWER gravid female iguana
Cannot give in caudal half of body. Reptiles have a renal-portal system in which blood
from the caudal half of the body passes through the kidney before returning to the heart.
Therefore, administration of a potentially nephrotoxic drug, as are all aminoglycosides,
would be contraindicated int eh caudal half. - ANSWER Gentamicin in reptiles
A 4-year-old ferret is presented with weakness, depression, lethargy, ptyalism, and
posterior paresis. The owner relates that these symptoms typically occur every morning
before feeding and usually become less severe after the patient eats. Recently, the
symptoms have become more severe and protracted. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
a. Adrenal cortical neoplasia
b. Insulinoma
c. Lymphoma
d. Leiomyosarcoma
e. Pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma - ANSWER B: Insulinoma. Insulinomas are the
most common tumors in ferrets between 3 and 5 years of age. These are
insulinproducing beta-cell tumors that through the excessive secretion of insulin, cause
clinical signs related to hypoglycemia (ie, depression, collapse, seizures, lethargy,
ptyalism, paresis). The symptoms may be accentuated after periods of glucose
ingestion or depletion, as with exercise or overnight fasting. Diagnosis Blood glucose
less than 60 mg/dl and insulin levels greater than 250 pmol/L.
A distressed and vocalizing 7-year-old domestic shorthair cat is examined for acute
bilateral hindlimb paralysis. On physical examination, a grade 3/6 left-sided systolic
murmur is auscultated. The femoral pulses of the patient are absent and the footpads
are cold and pale with painful contracture of the gastrocnemius and quadriceps
muscles. Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis? a. Intervertebral
disc disease b. Fibrocartilaginous infarct c. Arterial thromboembolism
c. Spinal cord neoplasia
d. Viral myelitis - ANSWER C: Arterial thromboembolism. Thrombus formation within the
left heart with resultant systemic embolization at the aortic trifurcation is a serious and
common sequela of myocardial disease in the cat. Clot formation within the left heart is
ameliorated by decreased blood flow and endothelial damage associated with cardiac
disease. When an embolus becomes loose and is transported into the systemic
circulation, it will commonly occlude the distal aortic trifurcation and produce
symptoms such as intense vocalization, paralysis or paresis, absent femoral pulses, and
cold extremities. Medical management includes treatment of the underlying heart
,disease, providing exercise restriction and low-dose aspirin every 3 days.
Which of the following is the most common cause of exophthalmos in cattle?
a. Sinusitis
b. Extracranial meningioma
c. Retrobulbar lymphosarcoma
d. Glaucoma
e. Orbital arteriovenous fistula ANSWER C: Retrobulbar lymphosarcoma.
Lymphosarcoma that invades the retrobulbar tissues is the most common cause of
exophthalmos in cattle and usually carries an extremely poor prognosis because
affected cattle usually live less than a year after diagnosis. Other physical exam findings
may include lymphadenopathy or melena due to diffuse spread of the neoplasia.
An 8-year-old Labrador Retriever is evaluated for progressive foreleg lameness of
approximately 2 months' duration. Physical examination shows marked soft tissue
swelling involving the carpus, and palpation of this region causes significant pain.
Radiographs of the affected region demonstrate severe lysis of the distal radius with
erosion of cortical bone. A needle biopsy discloses osteoblasts with frequent mitotic
figures, eccentric nuclei, and deeply basophilic cytoplasm. If amputation is elected by
the owner, what is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy post-procedure?
a. Vincristine
b. Prednisone
c. Cyclophosphamide
d. Azathioprine
e. Cisplatin - ANSWER E: Cisplatin. Based on history and diagnostic findings, the
presumptive diagnosis in this patient would be osteosarcoma of the distal radius,
representing the most common bone neoplasia in large breed dogs. Once diagnosed,
treatment of choice is amputation of the affected limb followed by chemotherapy with
the drug cisplatin, which usually affords a survival rate of little over a year.
Camels are very vulnerable to this infection due to whipworms. Whipworms are thought
,to be the most prevalent cause of diarrhea in adult camels in the U.S. Ivermectin- being
that one of the more overused drugs, is generally not very effective due to its time
development against the whipworm. Panacur is the most effective and safe dewormer
for camels for whipworms - ANSWER Whipworms in camels
Meningeal worm in alpacas and llamas-aberrant hosts, definitive host is the white-tailed
deer. Clinical signs: hypermetria, ataxia, stiffness, muscle weakness, posterior paresis,
paralysis, arching neck, and circling. generally begin in the hind limbs and progress to
the front limbs. Eosinophilia in the CSF fluid - ANSWER Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
alpaca congenital defect. This results when the usual opening between the nasal and
pharyngeal passages is completely closed by membranous tissue and/or bone. It is
manifested by labored respiration, prolonged and labored expiration, open-mouth
breathing, choking and gagging when nursing, cyanosis, debility, poor weight gain, and
aerophagia. Euthanasia is usually indicated; prognosis, especially for long-term quality
of life, is poor even with surgical correction. These animals frequently have other
congenital abnormalities including polydactyly, cardia, renal or reproductive organ
defects. - ANSWER Choanal atresia
most common chronic disease seen in aquarium fish, and lesions include skeletal
deformations and ulceration/erosion of the fin - ANSWER Mycobacteriosis in fish
be caused by an iridovirus and infect both saltwater and freshwater fish. Symptoms
include growths on the skin, fins, and occasionally gills in a cauliflower shape. -
ANSWER Lymphocystis disease of fish
"Ich" Largest protozoan parasite of the fish - typically infects fish maintained in an
aquarium or hatchery type setting. Clinical signs - erratic swimming and white spots on
skin/gills - ANSWER Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Tricaine methanesulfanate (MS222) - 21 day withdrawal period - ANSWER Fish
anaesthesia
most common bacterial pathogen of fish clinical signs are whitish plaques that may have
a red peripheral zone which then become erosions/ulcers and lead to necrosis of the
, skin - ANSWER Aeromonas salmonicida
Occurs commonly in lizards, turtles and snakes. Aeromonas adn Pseudomonas spp are
commonly isolated from the lesions. Clinical sings include petechiation and caseous
material build up with the mouth. Treatment is aimed at debridement and antibiotics -
ANSWER infectious stomatitis
characterised by swollen eyelids - ANSWER Turtle Vitamin A Deficiency
Ulcerative Dermatitis in lizards/snakes - ANSWER scale rot
Exact cause is known, but a retrovirus is strongly suspected. Also, it appears that the
snake mite, Ophionyssus natricus is involved with transmission History or regurgitation
of the past two weeks and no an inability to right itself. - ANSWER Inculsion body
disease in snake
SCUD - Citrobacter dreudii causes pitted scutes that slough with underlying purulent
exudate, petechia on the skin and liver necrosis also common - good husbandry and
Chloramphenicol - ANSWER Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles
Red leg in frog - ANSWER bacterial septicaemia
Clinical signs: change in behavior such as hyperactivity and irritability, anorexia, and
enlarged abdomen. They are most likely to present from November to June. On physical
exam you can usually palpate the lumps on the abdomen which are the large eggs.
Intervention in the form of an ovariohysterectomy is performed if attempts at inducing
oviposition fail. - ANSWER gravid female iguana
Cannot give in caudal half of body. Reptiles have a renal-portal system in which blood
from the caudal half of the body passes through the kidney before returning to the heart.
Therefore, administration of a potentially nephrotoxic drug, as are all aminoglycosides,
would be contraindicated int eh caudal half. - ANSWER Gentamicin in reptiles
