Haematological disorders  Iron deficiency anaemia

Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is the most common type of anaemia worldwide and occurs due to insufficient iron for normal haemoglobin synthesis. Iron is an essential element required for the production of haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body tissues. When iron availability is reduced, red blood cells become small and pale, resulting in a microcytic, hypochromic anaemia. The major causes of iron deficiency anaemia include inadequate dietary intake, increased iron requirements (such as during pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence), reduced iron absorption (as seen in malabsorption disorders or after gastric surgery), and chronic blood loss. In adults, chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and excessive menstrual blood loss are the most common causes. Pathophysiologically, iron deficiency develops in stages, beginning with depletion of iron stores, followed by impaired erythropoiesis, and finally overt anaemia. Reduced haemoglobin levels lead to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pallor, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Specific features include brittle nails, glossitis, angular stomatitis, and pica. Laboratory findings typically show low haemoglobin, reduced mean corpuscular volume, decreased serum ferritin and serum iron levels, with increased total iron-binding capacity. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, along with iron supplementation. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve quality of life.