NEUR 3304 Final Exam Questions with Veeifiwd Solutions Latest Update 2026/2027
What is puberty? - Answers the onset of reproductive capabilities; modulated by hormones
Why are projections from the PMH to AVPV neurons not fully formed? - Answers Need feedback
from steroid hormones to form projectiosn
Why does differentiation occur in the human body? - Answers A result of developing gonads
What is testosterone converted into for the differentiation of brain structures? - Answers
Estrogen
What is DHT important for in differentiation? - Answers The development of external genitalia
What do males with bright feathers indicate to female cardinals? - Answers High testosterone
and low cytokines
What behaviour does testosterone facilitate in males? - Answers Aggression
What behaviour does estrogen facilitate in females? - Answers Parental care and investment
What behaviour does a female rat show when they are not ovulating but a male rat shows
interest in mounting? - Answers Aggression
What is the lordosis pose in female rats? - Answers When the female rat elevates their genital
region allowing males to mount
What system trasmits information directly to the cortex? - Answers The olfactory system
What does the vomeronasal organ do? - Answers Creates an active response to pheromones in
mammalian species
What would happen if the main olfactory bulb is damaged in rats/mice? - Answers Severely
impact reproductive behaviours
Where does the main olfactory bulb project? - Answers Piriform cortex (integrates information,
makes associations)
Where does the accessory olfactory bulb project? - Answers Medial amygdala (cues behaviour)
How is the olfactory amygdala activated? - Answers Smells (food, predators)
What is the general scent pathway? - Answers 1. Main olfactory
2. Piriform cortex
3. Lateral olfactory amygdala
What is the reproduction scent pathway? - Answers 1. Vomeronasal organ
, 2. Accessory olfactory bulb
3. Vomeronasal medial amygdala
What does the PGA stimulate? - Answers Thrusting behaviour
What does the preoptic area depend on to cause male sexual behaviours? - Answers Olfactory
pathway, sensory pathway, and sufficient hormones
What do male rats require to display sexual behaviour? - Answers 1. Stimulation of olfactory
pathways
2. Stimulation of somatosensory pathways
3. Information from hormones
When a male rat/mouse detects pheromones where is it passed to? - Answers Medial preoptic
area
What happens if you destroy the medial preoptic nucleus in male rats? - Answers No sexual
responses
What is C-FOS immunohistochemistry? - Answers A tool used to visualize when cells are being
activated
What part of the brain is only activated in response to pheromones? - Answers MPOA
Which parts of the brain would castration affect and which would not? - Answers Effect -- MPOA
Not effect -- olfactory bulbs
What does nitric oxide increase? - Answers Blood pressure
What does female investment look like? - Answers Ensuring babies grow and have babies of
their own
What does male investment look like? - Answers Ends at ejaculation
What female rat phase does not include the lordosis response? - Answers Non-estrous phases
When does the ovulatory response happen in female rats, what hormones peak? - Answers At
the height of positive feedback of estrogen; GnRH, LH, FSH all peak and then progesterone
peaks
What hormones are high at the follicular phase? - Answers Estrogen, GnRH, LH signal start of
positive feedback
What triggers the negative feedback and inhibits regions associated with the LH surge? -
What is puberty? - Answers the onset of reproductive capabilities; modulated by hormones
Why are projections from the PMH to AVPV neurons not fully formed? - Answers Need feedback
from steroid hormones to form projectiosn
Why does differentiation occur in the human body? - Answers A result of developing gonads
What is testosterone converted into for the differentiation of brain structures? - Answers
Estrogen
What is DHT important for in differentiation? - Answers The development of external genitalia
What do males with bright feathers indicate to female cardinals? - Answers High testosterone
and low cytokines
What behaviour does testosterone facilitate in males? - Answers Aggression
What behaviour does estrogen facilitate in females? - Answers Parental care and investment
What behaviour does a female rat show when they are not ovulating but a male rat shows
interest in mounting? - Answers Aggression
What is the lordosis pose in female rats? - Answers When the female rat elevates their genital
region allowing males to mount
What system trasmits information directly to the cortex? - Answers The olfactory system
What does the vomeronasal organ do? - Answers Creates an active response to pheromones in
mammalian species
What would happen if the main olfactory bulb is damaged in rats/mice? - Answers Severely
impact reproductive behaviours
Where does the main olfactory bulb project? - Answers Piriform cortex (integrates information,
makes associations)
Where does the accessory olfactory bulb project? - Answers Medial amygdala (cues behaviour)
How is the olfactory amygdala activated? - Answers Smells (food, predators)
What is the general scent pathway? - Answers 1. Main olfactory
2. Piriform cortex
3. Lateral olfactory amygdala
What is the reproduction scent pathway? - Answers 1. Vomeronasal organ
, 2. Accessory olfactory bulb
3. Vomeronasal medial amygdala
What does the PGA stimulate? - Answers Thrusting behaviour
What does the preoptic area depend on to cause male sexual behaviours? - Answers Olfactory
pathway, sensory pathway, and sufficient hormones
What do male rats require to display sexual behaviour? - Answers 1. Stimulation of olfactory
pathways
2. Stimulation of somatosensory pathways
3. Information from hormones
When a male rat/mouse detects pheromones where is it passed to? - Answers Medial preoptic
area
What happens if you destroy the medial preoptic nucleus in male rats? - Answers No sexual
responses
What is C-FOS immunohistochemistry? - Answers A tool used to visualize when cells are being
activated
What part of the brain is only activated in response to pheromones? - Answers MPOA
Which parts of the brain would castration affect and which would not? - Answers Effect -- MPOA
Not effect -- olfactory bulbs
What does nitric oxide increase? - Answers Blood pressure
What does female investment look like? - Answers Ensuring babies grow and have babies of
their own
What does male investment look like? - Answers Ends at ejaculation
What female rat phase does not include the lordosis response? - Answers Non-estrous phases
When does the ovulatory response happen in female rats, what hormones peak? - Answers At
the height of positive feedback of estrogen; GnRH, LH, FSH all peak and then progesterone
peaks
What hormones are high at the follicular phase? - Answers Estrogen, GnRH, LH signal start of
positive feedback
What triggers the negative feedback and inhibits regions associated with the LH surge? -
