NURSE 660 EXAM 1 CERTIFICATION TEST
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Respiratory Acidosis. Answer: Action: Alveolar
HYPOVENTILATION leads to EXCESS in carbonic acid
Reaction: Medulla stimulates the RR to increase to expell more CO2
**Raise pH**
⩥ Respiratory Alkalosis. Answer: Action: Alveolar
HYPERVENTILATION leads to DEFICIT in carbonic acid
Reaction: Medulla stimulates RR to decrease and conserve more CO2 to
balance
**Lower pH**
⩥ Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance. Answer: - Long Term
response to acid-base imbalance
- Slower
- **BICARBONATE REGULATION**
⩥ Metabolic Acidosis. Answer: Action: Hypoventilation leads to excess
carbonic acid
,Reaction: Kidneys expel hydrogen ions (acidic) to conserve bicarbonate
and sodium ions (basic) to reduce CO2 levels
**Raise pH**
⩥ Metabolic Alkalosis. Answer: Action: Hyperventilation leads to deficit
in carbonic acid
Reaction: Kidneys conserve hydrogen ions (acidic) and excrete bicarb
(basic) tp balance pH levels
**Lower pH**
⩥ Respiratory ABG Levels Determining Imbalance. Answer: ** Always
opposite values**
- Acidosis: decreased pH, increased PaCO2
- Alkalosis: increased pH, decreased PaCO2
⩥ Renal/Metabolic ABG Levels Determining Imbalance. Answer: **
Always Both High or Low Values**
- Acidosis: decreased pH, decreased HCO3
- Alkalosis: increased pH, increased HCO3
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Kidneys. Answer: Anatomy: Nephron
is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys
Physiology: The kidneys...
1) help maintain the composition and volume of body fluids
, 2) Filter and excrete blood constituents that are not needed and retain
those that are needed
3) Nephrons use selective reabsorption and secretion of water,
electrolytes, and other substances to form urine
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Ureters. Answer: Anatomy: Two ureters
in the body, one attached in each pelvis of the kidney
Physiology: Transport urine to the bladder via rhythmic peristalsis
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Bladder. Answer: Anatomy: Smooth
muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. Contains three
layers of muscle tissue called the detrusor muscle
Physiology:
1) The SNS carries inhibitory impulses to the bladder and motor
impulses to the internal sphincter causing the muscle to constrict,
retaining urine in the bladder
2) When the pressure becomes sufficient to stimulate nerves in the
bladder wall (stretch receptors), we feel the desire to empty the bladder
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Urethra. Answer: Anatomy:
-Male: 8 inches long and consists of 3 parts
-Female: 1.6 inches long and no part is external
Physiology:
1) Transport urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Respiratory Acidosis. Answer: Action: Alveolar
HYPOVENTILATION leads to EXCESS in carbonic acid
Reaction: Medulla stimulates the RR to increase to expell more CO2
**Raise pH**
⩥ Respiratory Alkalosis. Answer: Action: Alveolar
HYPERVENTILATION leads to DEFICIT in carbonic acid
Reaction: Medulla stimulates RR to decrease and conserve more CO2 to
balance
**Lower pH**
⩥ Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance. Answer: - Long Term
response to acid-base imbalance
- Slower
- **BICARBONATE REGULATION**
⩥ Metabolic Acidosis. Answer: Action: Hypoventilation leads to excess
carbonic acid
,Reaction: Kidneys expel hydrogen ions (acidic) to conserve bicarbonate
and sodium ions (basic) to reduce CO2 levels
**Raise pH**
⩥ Metabolic Alkalosis. Answer: Action: Hyperventilation leads to deficit
in carbonic acid
Reaction: Kidneys conserve hydrogen ions (acidic) and excrete bicarb
(basic) tp balance pH levels
**Lower pH**
⩥ Respiratory ABG Levels Determining Imbalance. Answer: ** Always
opposite values**
- Acidosis: decreased pH, increased PaCO2
- Alkalosis: increased pH, decreased PaCO2
⩥ Renal/Metabolic ABG Levels Determining Imbalance. Answer: **
Always Both High or Low Values**
- Acidosis: decreased pH, decreased HCO3
- Alkalosis: increased pH, increased HCO3
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Kidneys. Answer: Anatomy: Nephron
is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys
Physiology: The kidneys...
1) help maintain the composition and volume of body fluids
, 2) Filter and excrete blood constituents that are not needed and retain
those that are needed
3) Nephrons use selective reabsorption and secretion of water,
electrolytes, and other substances to form urine
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Ureters. Answer: Anatomy: Two ureters
in the body, one attached in each pelvis of the kidney
Physiology: Transport urine to the bladder via rhythmic peristalsis
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Bladder. Answer: Anatomy: Smooth
muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. Contains three
layers of muscle tissue called the detrusor muscle
Physiology:
1) The SNS carries inhibitory impulses to the bladder and motor
impulses to the internal sphincter causing the muscle to constrict,
retaining urine in the bladder
2) When the pressure becomes sufficient to stimulate nerves in the
bladder wall (stretch receptors), we feel the desire to empty the bladder
⩥ Anatomy & Physiology of the Urethra. Answer: Anatomy:
-Male: 8 inches long and consists of 3 parts
-Female: 1.6 inches long and no part is external
Physiology:
1) Transport urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
