NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAM NEWEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS

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NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAM NEWEST
UPDATE 2026-2027 QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS

Question: Concrete Operational - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔in Piaget's theory, the stage of

cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the

mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Thinking still is

egocentric




Question: formal operational - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive

development (11 years and older) during which people begin to think logically about abstract

concepts. Can formulate ideas regarding morals and ethics, social situations, political situations,

and future planning.




Question: Schema - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔a way of mentally representing the world, such as a

belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

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Question: What are the three ways human beings acquire schemas? - CORRECT

ANSWER✔✔Assimilation, Accommodation, equilibration




Question: Assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔adding to an existing schema as new stimuli or

situations are experienced




Question: Accommodation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The process of changing our current

schema, or the development of an entirely new schema




Question: Equilibration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The balance between assimilation and

accommodation.




Question: Developmental Theories - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔focus on the growth and

development of humans at certain ages across the lifespan. They attempt to explain how a

person develops emotionally or psychologically. Some theories believe that the stages are

continuous, while others feel they are discontinuous.

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Question: What does it mean if one believes stages of development are discontinuous? -

CORRECT ANSWER✔✔a human being could not move past a developmental stage until the

issue or crisis was resolved.




Question: Freud's believed - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔human beings possess an inherent sexual

energy, which he labeled as libido. Libido which is present from birth, develops over 5 stages.

He believed that personality was developed by the successful completion of these stages and

was fully developed by puberty. He also believed if a stage was unresolved, the person would be

fixated at this stage which would lead to mental disorders etc.




Question: Freud's Psychosexual Stages - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔oral stage, anal stage, phallic

stage, latency stage, genital stage




Question: oral stage - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Freud's first stage of psychosexual development,

(birth to about age 1 or 2) during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the

primary pleasure center.

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Question: Oral stage fixation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔If child is neglected, or when the child has

to wean from the breast or bottle, they become upset. fixation in adulthood is a smoking habit




Question: Anal stage - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Freud's second stage of psychosexual

development (1 to 3 years) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; gratification

from the ability to independently control physical elimination




Question: Anal stage fixation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Conflict occurs if the child is excessively

punished for their inability to control their bowels, or if they are exposed to rigid scheduling.

Fixation would be someone who is compulsively clean or neat, in which case they would be

known as "anal retentive"




Question: phallic/yonic stage - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Freud's third stage of psychosexual

development (3 - 6 years) A child focuses on their own genitalia. The child realizes there are

differences between males and females.




Question: phallic/yonic stage fixation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Freud believed that conflict that

occurs in this stage that he called the oedipus complex, where he felt that a child